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Некоммерческое акционерное общество
АЛМАТИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ И СВЯЗИ
Кафедра «Иностранные языки»
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Учебное пособие
Астрономия. Космическая техника и технологии
Алматы, 2012
УДК 802.0:52:629.7 (0758)
ББК 81. Англ. - 923
Английский язык: Астрономия. Космическая техника и технологии
Н90 Учебное пособие /авторы – сост. Нурходжаева Х.А., Сергеева Л.Д.
АУЭС. Алматы, 2012.- 123 с.
ISBN 978-601-7327-10-1
Пособие составлено на основе материалов с сайта NASA. Студенты могут ознакомиться с основами астрономии, новейшими разработками в области космических исследований. Данное пособие может быть использовано как для аудиторной работы, так и для самостоятельных занятий английским языком.
Библиогр. – 6 назв.
ББК 81. 2 - 923
Рецензенты: КазУМОиМЯ им. Абылай хана, канд.филол. наук,
профессор М.Р. Сабитова,
канд. филол. наук, доцент У.Б. Серикбаева
Печатается по плану издания Министерства образования и науки Республики Казахстан на 2012 г.
ISBN 978-601-7327-10-1
© НАО «Алматинский университет энергетики и связи», 2012 г.
СОСТАВИТЕЛИ: Х.А. Нурходжаева, Л.Д. Сергеева
Астрономия. Космическая техника и технологии .-Алматы, АУЭС, 2012.
Учебное пособие адресовано студентам специальностей, 5В074600 – Космическая техника и технологии. Пособие составлено на основе материалов с сайта NASA. Студенты могут ознакомиться с основами астрономии, новейшими разработками в области космических исследований. Данное пособие может быть использовано как для аудиторной работы, так и для самостоятельных занятий английским языком.
Учебное пособие рекомендуется к изданию.
© НАО «Алматинский университет энергетики и связи», на 2012г.
Предисловие
Вашему вниманию предлагается пособие для высших учебных заведений для специальности 5В074600 «Космическая техника и технологии». Основная цель пособия заключается в формировании у студентов профессиональной компетенции, структурными компонентами которой являются: коммуникативная, лингвистическая, речевая, социокультурная, социальная, стратегическая, дискурсивная и предметная обеспечивающая специалисту способность к успешной профессиональной деятельности.
Пособие поделено на 12 уроков (Units), каждый посвящен определенной теме. Первые 6 уроков знакомят обучаемых с астрономией: с областями астрономии и выдающимися учеными, галактиками и звездами, солнечная система, созвездия, астероиды и кометы, атмосфера. Следующие 6 уроков – с исследованиями космоса: с историей и видами телескопов, ракет, многоразовых космических челноков и аппаратов для исследования других планет; космическими проектами NASA и людьми, исследующими космос.
Каждый урок состоит из оригинальных текстов для ознакомительного, изучающего, поискового чтения по специальности; упражнений, направленных на формирования умений и навыков: извлечения из большого по объему материала информацию заданного содержания в устной и письменной форме; построения монологических и диалогических высказываний различных типов (описание, повествование, рассуждение, доказательство), участие в дискуссии на научные и профессиональные темы. Упражнений для аудирования, направленных на формирования умений и навыков понимания содержания аутентичных текстов научного и профессионального содержания, умений вычленять основную информацию во время прослушивания и применять ее в устной и письменной речи. Упражнений в письменной речи, направленных на формирования умений и навыков кратко излагать содержание прочитанного/прослушанного текста, фиксировать необходимую информацию, обобщать информацию, полученную из разных источников в русле выбранного профиля.
Тексты пособия отобраны с сайтов NASA и других научных сайтов и не подвергались никакой адаптации. Последовательность текстовых материалов имеет логическую направленность, соответствующую структуре специальности «Космическая техника и технологии».
Все замечания и пожелания, направленные на устранение недостатков данного пособия, будут приняты авторами с благодарностью.
Авторы выражают свою особую признательность рецензентам: к.ф.н., доценту КазНТУ Козлову В.С. и к.ф.н., доценту АУЭС Серикбаевой У.Б.
Unit 1
What is Astronomy
Match the words and definitions:
| Word | Definition |
| 1 astronomy | a) a cylindrical device for making objects that are far away look nearer and larger, using a combination of lenses, or lenses and curved mirrors |
| 2 universe | b) a cloud of gas or dust in space, appearing either bright or dark |
| 3 telescope | c) in or relating to the sky, heaven or space |
| 4 gravity | d) a small spacecraft, with no one travelling in it, sent into space to make measurements and send back information to scientists on Earth |
| 5 nebulae | e) the large explosion that many scientists believe created the universe |
| 6 celestial | f) relating to light or the ability to see |
| 7 space probe | g) a region in space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape |
| 8 black hole | h) the scientific study of the universe and of objects which exist naturally in space, such as the moon, the sun, planets and stars |
| 9 Big Bang | i) the force which attracts objects towards one another, especially the force that makes things fall to the ground |
| 10 optical | j) space and everything that exists, especially all physical matter, including all the stars, planets, galaxies, etc. in space |
Text 1A
Pioneers of Astronomy
Astronomy, derived from the Greek words for star law, is the scientific study of all objects beyond our world. It is also the process by which we seek to understand the physical laws and origins of our universe.
Over the centuries there have been countless innovators that have contributed to the development and advancement of astronomy. Some of these key individuals include:
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543): He was a Polish physician and lawyer by trade, but is now regarded as the father of the current heliocentric model of the solar system.
Tycho Brahe (1546 - 1601): A Danish nobleman, Tycho designed and built instruments of greater power and resolution than anything that had been developed previously. He used these instruments to chart the positions of planets and other celestial objects with such great precision, that it debunked many of the commonly held notions of planetary and stellar motion.
Johannes Kepler (1571 - 1630): A student of Tycho’s, Kepler continued his work, and from that discovered three laws of planetary motion:
1) Planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse.
2) The orbital speed of a planet varies so that a line joining the Sun and
the planet will sweep over equal areas in equal time intervals.
3) The amount of time a planet takes to orbit the Sun is related to its orbit’s size, such that he period, P, squared is proportional to the semi-major axis, a, cubed.
Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642): While Galileo is sometimes credited (incorrectly) with being the creator of the telescope; he was the first to use the telescope to make detailed studies of heavenly bodies. He was the first to conclude that the Moon was likely similar in composition to the Earth and that the Sun’s surface changed (i.e., the motion of sunspots on the Sun’s surface). He was also the first to see four of Jupiter’s moons, and the phases of Venus. Ultimately it was his observations of the Milky Way, specifically the detection of countless stars that shocked the scientific community.
Isaac Newton (1642 - 1727): Considered one of the greatest scientific minds of all time, Newton not only deduced the law of gravity, but realized the need for a new type of mathematics (calculus) to describe it. His discoveries and theories dictated the direction of science for more than 200 years, and truly ushered in the era of modern astronomy.
Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955): Einstein is famous for his development of general relativity, a correction to Newton’s law of gravity. But, his relation of energy to mass (E=mc2) is also important to astronomy, as it is the basis for which we understand how the Sun, and other stars, fuse hydrogen into Helium for energy.
Edwin Hubble (1889 - 1953): During his career, Hubble answered two of the biggest questions plaguing astronomers at the time. He determined that so-called spiral nebulae were, in fact, other galaxies, proving that the Universe extends well beyond our own galaxy. Hubble then followed up that discovery by showing that these other galaxies were receding at speeds proportional to their distances away from us.
Stephen Hawking (1942 - ): Very few scientists alive today have contributed more to the advancement of their fields than Stephen Hawking. His work has significantly increased our knowledge of black holes and other exotic celestial objects. Also, and perhaps more importantly, Hawking has made significant strides in advancing our understanding of the Universe and its creation.
Which scientist:
1)not only deduced the law of gravity, but realized the need for a new type
of mathematics (calculus) to describe it.
2) determined that so-called spiral nebulae were, in fact, other galaxies,
proving that the Universe extends well beyond our own galaxy.
3) is now regarded as the father of the current heliocentric model of the
solar system.
4) is famous for his development of general relativity, a correction to his law
of gravity.
5) continued his work, and from that discovered three laws of planetary motion.
6) has made significant strides in advancing our understanding of the
Universe and its creation.
7) designed and built instruments of greater power and resolution than
anything that had been developed previously.
Text 1B
Branches of Astronomy
There are really two main branches of astronomy: optical astronomy (the study of celestial objects in the visible band) and non-optical astronomy (the use of instruments to study objects in the radio through gamma-ray wavelengths).
Optical Astronomy: Today, when we think about optical astronomy, we most instantly visualize the amazing images from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), or close up images of the planets taken by various space probes. What most people don’t realize though is that these images also yield volumes of information about the structure, nature and evolution of objects in our Universe.
Non-optical Astronomy: While optical telescopes are sometimes considered the only pure instruments for doing astronomy research, there are other types of observatories that make significant contributions to our understanding of the Universe. These instruments have allowed us to create a picture of our universe that spans the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from low energy radio signals, to ultra high energy gamma-rays. They give us information about the evolution and physics of some of the Universe’s most dynamic treasures, such as neutron stars and black holes. And it is because of these endeavors that we have learned about the structure of galaxies including our Milky Way.
Subfields of Astronomy
There are so many types of objects that astronomers study, that it is convenient to break astronomy up into subfields of study.
Planetary Astronomy: Researchers in this subfield focus their studies on planets, both within and outside our solar system, as well as objects like asteroids and comets.
Solar Astronomy: While the sun has been studied for centuries, there is still a significant amount of active research conducted. Particularly, scientists are interested in learning how the Sun changes and trying to understand how these changes affect the Earth.
Stellar Astronomy: Simply, stellar astronomy is the study of stars, including their creation, evolution and death. Astronomers use instruments to study different objects across all wavelengths, and use the information to create physical models of the stars.
Galactic Astronomy: The Milky Way Galaxy is a very complex system of stars, nebulae, and dust. Astronomers study the motion and evolution of the Milky Way in order to learn how galaxies are formed.
Extragalactic Astronomy: Astronomers study other galaxies in the Universe to learn how galaxies are grouped and interact on a large scale.
Cosmology: Cosmologists study the structure of the Universe in order to understand its creation. They typically focus on the big picture, and attempt to model what the Universe would have looked like only moments after the Big Bang.
Astrophysics
Astrophysics is the application of physical and chemical knowledge to an understanding of the nature of celestial objects and the physical processes that control their formation, evolution, and emission of radiation. In addition, the gases and dust particles around and between the stars have become the subjects of much research. Study of the nuclear reactions that provide the energy radiated by stars has shown how the diversity of atoms found in nature can be derived from a universe that, following the first few minutes of its existence, consisted only of hydrogen, helium, and a trace of lithium.
Radio astronomy
Matter in the universe emits radiation (energy) from all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, the range of wavelengths produced by the interaction of electricity and magnetism. The electromagnetic spectrum includes light waves, radio waves, infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation, X rays, and gamma rays.
Radio astronomy is the study of celestial objects by means of the radio waves they emit. Radio waves are the longest form of electromagnetic radiation. Some of these waves measure up to 6 miles (more than 9 kilometers) from peak to peak. Objects that appear very dim or are invisible to our eye may have very strong radio waves.
Radio astronomy was pioneered by Karl Gothe Jansky, who in1932 first detected radio waves from a cosmic source - in the central region of the Milky Way Galaxy. Gote Reber (a ham radio operator) made the first true radio telescope (usiing a 32-foot diameter parabolic dish to focus the radio waves) after reading of Jansky's discoveries.
Which science:
1) studies planets, both within and outside our solar system, as well as
objects like asteroids and comets.
2) studies of celestial objects by means of the radio waves they emit.
3) studies the motion and evolution of the Milky Way in order to learn how
galaxies are formed.
4) studies of stars, including their creation, evolution and death.
5) studies the structure of the Universe in order to understand its creation.
6) studies other galaxies in the Universe to learn how galaxies are grouped
and interact on a large scale.
7) studies how the Sun changes and tries to understand how these changes
affect the Earth.
8 ) is the application of physical and chemical knowledge to an understanding
of the nature of celestial objects and the physical processes that control their formation, evolution, and emission of radiation.
Listening
What is Astronomy?
You are going to listen to Carolyn Collins Petersen, The Spacewriter, discusses the science of astronomy and a few of the other science disciplines that cross paths with astronomy: physics, chemistry, geology, and biology. For questions 1-10 complete the sentence:
1) Astronomers study the characteristics of ___ in the universe.
2) Astronomy plays an interesting role in science – and, in fact it’s often
referred to as a ___science.
3) Astrophysics helps us figure out the processes that cause ___to shine the
way they do.
4) The colors and brightnesses – called luminosities – tell you something
about the ___of the stars, and maybe also about their distances.
5) The information you get by looking at Mercury in that reflected light tells