Однако законы, применяемые правительством, могут быть изменены. На самом деле законы часто изменяются, чтобы отразить изменения в потребностях и установках общества.

Word Study

Ex. 1. Read the international words and translate them. Mind the stress.

limit - предел, лимит	operate -оперировать	morality -нравственность	individual – индивидуальная
form – вид, форма	analyze – анализировать	activity - деятельность	corporation - корпорация
object - объект	social - социальный	production – производство	civilization - цивилизация
aspect– аспект	standard - стандартный		distribution - распределение
person – человек	function - функциональный		regulator – регулирующий орган
sphere – сфера	mechanism - механизм		constitutional – конституционный
status - статус			administration - административный

Ex. 2. Complete the list of derivatives. Use a dictionary if necessary.

Verb	noun (agent)	noun (concept)
to promote	promotor	promotion
to legislate	legislator	legislation
to operate	operator	operation
to distribute	distributor	distribution
to regulate	regulator	regulation
to violate	violator	violation
to separate	separator	separation
to administrate	administrator	administration

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Ex. 3. Pair the words in column with A the ones from column B.

A	B
forms set standard sphere system distribution object part violation range man-made 12. status	of exchange of labour of law of encroachment of objectives of citizens laws of behaviour of interests of morality of relationships of rules

ОТВЕТ: 1-h, 2-l, 3-j, 4-a, 5-k, 6-b, 7-d, 8-c, 9-i, 10-e, 11-g, 12-f.
Ex. 4. How can you express the following ideas in one word?

1. 
   to bear (oneself) in a socially-acceptable or polite way; to behave
   
2. 
   rightness or pureness of behaviour or of an action; morality
   
3. 
   the control or direction of affairs, as of country or business; administration
   
4. 
   an object to be won; objective
   
5. 
   a guiding rule on which behaviour is based; precept
   
6. 
   to make laws; to legislate
   
7. 
   a statement of something at last; claim
   
8. 
   the body of laws and principles according to which a country is governed; constitution
   
9. 
   a condition that determines one’s formal position; status
   
10. 
    the way or order of directing business in an official meeting, a law case; procedure
    
11. 
    to fight or struggle against; combat
    
12. 
    the act or result of encroaching; encroachment
    

Ex. 5. Match English and Russian equivalents.

1) to regulate the relations	a) установленная норма нравственного поведения
2) to define a set of rules	b) главное требование
3) the pattern of behaviour	c) устанавливать правовой статус
4) a standard of morality	d) простая сумма правил
5) man-made law	e) образец поведения
6) moral precepts	f) социальные цели
7) social objectives	g) определять формы управления
8) a chief claim	h) издавать закон против чьих-либо пороков
9) to influence subsequent events	i) объект посягательства
10) to fix the forms of administration	j) нечеткое различие
11) to determine the legal status	k) нравственные заповеди
12) to lay down the measures	l) определять набор правил
13) the mere sum of rules	m) закон, созданный человеком
14) a vague distinction	n) регулировать отношения
15) to legislate against one’s defects	o) влиять на последующие события
16) the object of encroachment	p) устанавливать меры
17) spheres of production	q) сферы производства

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ОТВЕТ: 1-n, 2-l, 3-e, 4-a, 5-m, 6-k, 7-f, 8-b, 9-o, 10-g, 11-c, 12-p, 13-d, 14-j, 15- h, 16-i, 17-q.

Ex. 6. Choose the best alternative to complete the following sentences.

1. 
   The English word “law” refers to limits upon various / some forms of behaviour.
   
2. 
   Laws prescribe how people can / ought to behave.
   
3. 
   Law essentially servestwo / four functions in modern society.
   
4. 
   There is a vague/clear distinction between man-made law and moral precepts.
   
5. 
   In adeveloped / feudal state the sphere in which the law operates / develops proves to be extensive.
   
6. 
   Law fixes the forms of constitutional / educational system.
   
7. 
   Law operates as aregulator/obstacle of distribution of labour and its products.
   
8. 
   The law of a country may be analyzed as a selection / set of rules.
   
9. 
   The study of legal process is the study how decisions/customs are made, who makes/fixes them.
   
10. 
    Law seems/regards to exist apart from/inside man and is not evennoticed/decided by him until somebody/criminal violates its orders.
    
11. 
    Law is called/invited upon to defend interests/habits that have been the object/crime of encroachments.
    
12. 
    Law embraces/separates all the spheres of production, distribution and
    

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