Файл: Практическая работа 1 Дисциплина Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции. Английский. Крюков А. Н. Проверил(а).docx

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Практическая работа №1

Дисциплина: Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции. Английский.
Выполнил: Крюков А.Н.


Проверил(а):

__________________________________________
^{(Ф.И.О. преподавателя)}

__________________________________________
^(дата)

Омск, 2023 г.

TextJudges

Task:readthetextandfocusonitsmainpoints.

The judge is the presiding officer of the court. The statutory basis for the appointmentof judges dates from the Act of Settlement 1700. Under the original arrangements thedistricts were grouped into 60 county court circuits, each with its own judge appointedby the Lord Chancellor from barristers of at least seven years’ standing. On the re-organizationofthecriminalcourtsundertheCourtsAct1971theexistingcountycourtjudges became Circuit judges. Every Circuit judge is by virtue of his or her officecapable of sitting as a judge for any county court district and at least one is assigned toeach district by the Lord Chancellor. A full-time District judge is barred from legalpractice.Districtjudgeswereformerlycalledregistrars;thechangeoftitlereflectedthe fact that their functions are now judicial. They are responsible for procedural stepsin court proceedings. Their administrative functions have now been transferred tosubstantial staffs ofclerksandbailiffs.

Judgesthemselvesarenotaseparateprofession:theyarebarristerswhohave

demonstrated competence in litigation and have been elevated to the bench2, itself aname derived from the part of the Court where they sit. A barrister always enters thejudiciary at the lower trial level. He is thereafter promoted, if he proves successful intheinitialjudicialpost.

The traditional function of judges is to apply existing rules of law to the case beforethem. The judge decides the interpretation of the law. After all the evidence has beengiven the judge summarizes the case, both law and facts, for the jury. This is called hissumming up.

Judges are capable of “making law” both through the interpretation of statutes and thedoctrine of precedent. When an Act of Parliament makes no provision for the case inquestion and there is no existing precedent, the judge must, if necessity, create a newlaw.

Judges are not under the control of Parliament, or the Civil Service. The independenceof the judiciary is a fundamental principle of constitutional law. Closely related tojudicialindependence isthedoctrineofjudicialimmunity.

Theprofessionaljudges,“HighCourtJudges”,dealwiththemostseriouscrimes.Theyare paid salaries by the state. Alongside with the professional judges there are unpaidjudges. They are called “Magistrates” or “Justices of the Peace” (JPs)3. They areordinarycitizenswhoareselectednotbecausetheyhaveanylegaltrainingbutbecausetheyhave“soundcommonsense”4andunderstandingoftheirfellowhumanbeings.

Magistrates are selected by special committees in every town and district. Nobody,even the Magistrates themselves, knows who is on the special committee in their area.ThecommitteetriestodrawMagistratesfromdifferentprofessionsandsocialclasses.

TheworkoftheMagistrates’Courtsthroughoutthecountrydependsontheunpaidservicesof JPs.

Notes:

1. 
   ActofSettlement–актопрестолонаследии
   
2. 
   beelevatedtothebench–возвыситьдоположениясудьи3Magistrate,JusticeofthePeace(JP)–судья,мировойсудья4“soundcommonsense”–(зд.)чувствоздравогосмысла
   

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5Magistrates’Court–судмагистратов,мировойсуд(рассматриваетделаомелкихпреступлениях)

Ex.1.Sayifthesestatementsaretrueorfalse.

1. 
   Thejudgeisthepresidingofficerofthecourt.(True)
   
2. 
   EveryCircuitjudgeiscapableofsittingasajudgeforonecountycourtarea.
   

( False. Every Circuit judge is by virtue of his or her office capable of sitting as ajudge for any county court district and at least one is assigned to each district bytheLordChancellor.)

3. 
   A part-time district judge is barred from legal practice. ( False. A full-time Districtjudgeisbarredfrom legalpractice.)
   
4. 
   Herewasthechangeofjudgestitlesbuttheirfunctionsremainedthesame.
   

(False.Thechangeoftitlereflectedthefactthattheirfunctionsarenowjudicial.)

5. 
   Judges themselves are a separate profession. (False. Judges themselves are not aseparate profession: they are barristers who have demonstrated competence inlitigationandhavebeenelevatedtothebench.)
   
6. 
   A barrister always enters the judiciary at the highest level. ( False. A barristeralwaysentersthejudiciaryat thelower triallevel.)
   
7. 
   Thejudgedecidestheinterpretationofthelaw.(True)
   
8. 
   Judgesarecapableof“makinglaw”throughthedoctrineofprecedent.(True)
   
9. 
   Judges are under the control of Parliament. (False. Judges are not under thecontrolof Parliament.)
   
10. 
    Judicialindependenceisafundamentalprincipleofconstitutionallaw.(True)
    
11. 
    Professionaljudgesarepaidsalariesbythestate.(True)
    
12. 
    Magistratesarealsoprofessionaljudgesbuttheydealwithlessseriouscrimes.( False. They are ordinary citizens who are selected not because they have anylegaltrainingbutbecausetheyhave“soundcommonsense”andunderstandingoftheirfellowhumanbeings. )
    
13. 
    Magistratesareselectedbyspecialcommitteesineverytownanddistrict.
    

(True)

Ex.2.Herearetheanswerstosomequestionsonthetext.Whatarethequestions?

1. 
   TheActofSettlement1700.Whatisthestatutorybasisfortheappointmentofjudges?
   
2. 
   TheexistingcountrycourtjudgesbecameCircuitjudges.Whathappenedonthereorganizationofthe criminalcourtsundertheCourtsAct1971?
   
3. 
   Afull-timedistrictjudgeisbarredfromlegalpractice.Isafull-timedistrictjudgebarredfromlegalpractice?
   
4. 
   Registrarsareresponsibleforproceduralstepsincourtproceedings.Whoisresponsible forproceduralsteps incourtproceedings?
   
5. 
   They are barristers who have demonstrated competence in litigation. Are judgesthemselvesaseparateprofession?
   
6. 
   Ifheprovessuccessfulintheinitialjudicialpost.Whencanabarristerbepromoted?
   
7. 
   The judge summarizes the case for the jury. What does the judge do after all theevidence has beengiven?
   
8. 
   Thejudgemust,ifnecessity,createanewlaw.WhatmustthejudgedowhenanActof Parliament makes no provision for the case in question and there is no existingprecedent?
   
9. 
   Thedoctrineofjudicialimmunity.Whatiscloselyrelatedtojudicialindependence?
   
10. 
    Theprofessionaljudges.Whodealswiththemostseriouscrimes?
    
11. 
    JusticesofthePeace.Howcanwecallunpaidjudges?
    
12. 
    The committee tries to draw Magistrates from different professions and socialclasses. HowareMagistratesselected?
    
13. 
    TheunpaidservicesofJPs.WhatdoestheworkoftheMagistrates’Courtsthroughoutthecountrydependon?
    

Ex.3.Completethefollowingsentences:

1. 
   Thejudgeisthepresidingofficerofthecourt.
   
2. 
   On the reorganization of the criminal courtsunder the Courts Act 1971 theexistingcountycourtjudgesbecameCircuitjudges.
   
3. 
   TheLordChancellorassignedatleastoneCircuitjudgetoeachdistrict.
   
4. 
   Registrarsareresponsibleforproceduralstepsincourtproceedings.
   
5. 
   The statutory basis for the appointment of judges dates from the Act of Settlement1700.
   
6. 
   Judges are barristers who have demonstrated competence in litigation and havebeenelevatedtothebench.
   
7. 
   The traditional function of judges is to apply existing rules of law to the casebeforethem.
   
8. Judge’s summing up is applying existing rules of law to the case before them.The judge decides the interpretation of the law. After all the evidence has beengiventhejudgesummarizesthecase,bothlawandfacts,forthejury.
9. 
   Judges “make law” through the interpretation of statutes and the doctrine ofprecedent.
   
10. 
    Thefundamentalprincipleofconstitutionallawistheindependenceofthejudiciary
    

11. Judicial immunity means that judge has immunity for acts relating to casesbeforethecourt,butnotforactsrelatingtocasesbeyondthecourt'sreach.

12. 
    Theprofessionaljudgesdealwiththemostseriouscrimes.
    
13. Magistrates or Justices of the Peace are ordinary citizens who are selected notbecause they have any legal training but because they have “sound commonsense” andunderstandingoftheir fellowhumanbeings.
14. 
    JPsareselectedbyspecialcommitteesineverytownanddistrict.
    

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Ex.4.Explainandexpandonthefollowing:

1. 
   The judge is a presiding officer of the court. The traditional function of judges is toapplyexistingrulesoflawtothecasebeforethem.Thejudgedecidestheinterpretation of the law. After all the evidence has been given the judge summarizesthecase,bothlawandfacts, for thejury.
   
2. 
   There was the reorganization of criminal courts under the Courts Act of 1971. OnthereorganizationofthecriminalcourtsundertheCourtsAct1971theexistingcountycourtjudges becameCircuitjudges.
   
3. 
   Judges themselves are not a separate profession. They are barristers who havedemonstrated competence in litigation and have been elevated to the bench2, itself aname derivedfromthe partof theCourtwheretheysit.
   
4. 
   A barrister enters the judiciary at the lower trial level. He is thereafter promoted, ifheproves successful intheinitialjudicialpost.
   
5. 
   The judge decides the interpretation of the law. After all the evidence has beengiven the judge summarizes the case, both law and facts, for the jury. This is called hissumming up.
   
6. 
   Judges are capable of making laws. When an Act of Parliament makes no provisionfor the case in question and there is no existing precedent, the judge must, if necessity,createanewlaw.Judges are not under the control of Parliament. The independence of the judiciary isa fundamental principle of constitutional law. Closely related to judicial independenceisthedoctrineofjudicialimmunity.
   
7. 
   Alongside with the professional judges there are unpaid judges. They are called“Magistrates” or “Justices of the Peace” (JPs). They are ordinary citizens who areselectednotbecausetheyhaveanylegaltrainingbutbecausetheyhave“soundcommonsense”andunderstandingoftheirfellowhumanbeings.
   
8. 
   Magistrates are selected by special Committees. Nobody, even the Magistratesthemselves, knows who is on the special committee in their area. The committee triestodrawMagistratesfromdifferentprofessionsandsocial classes.
   

Практическоезадание№2

Выполнитепрактическоезадание№2подисциплине«Иностранныйязыквсфере юриспруденции». Ответы располагайте непосредственно после текста ивыделяйте ихцветом.

WhatisLaw?

Task:readandtranslatethefollowingtext.

The English word “law” refers to limits upon various forms of behaviour. There is avague distinction between man-made law and moral precepts. Law can be defined as aset of rules which form the pattern of behaviour of a given society. Law is one of themostbasicsocialinstitutions–andoneofthemostnecessary.Nosocietycouldexistifall people did just as they pleased, without regard for the right of others. Nor could asociety also have certain obligations toward one another. The Law also sets penaltiesfor people who violate these rules and it states how government shall enforce the rulesandpenalties.

Law essentially serves two functions in modern society. First, it serves to order andregulate the affairs of all “persons” be they individuals, corporations or governments.Secondly,lawactsasstandardofconductandmorality.Throughbothofthesefunctionslawseekstopromoteandachieveabroadrangeofsocialobjectives.Lawcan appear as the highest achievement of civilization. In man’s capacity to legislateagainst his own defects we can discern his chief claim to stand clearly above theanimallevel.

Law seems to exist apart from man and is not even noticed by him until somebodyviolates its orders or until it is called upon to defend interests that have been the objectofencroachments.

The student of law is concerned with the questions of relationships between individualcitizens and the state, as well as the relationships between states. The study of a legalprocess is the study of how decisions are made, who makes them, what the decisionsare,howtheyinfluencesubsequentevents.

We commonly speak of both law and laws – the English law, or the laws of England;and these terms point to two different aspects under which legal science may beapproached. The laws of a country are separate, distinct, individual rules; the law of acountryhowevermuchwemayanalyseitintoseparaterules,itissomethingmorethanthe mere sum of such rules. It is rather a whole, a system which orders our conduct, inwhich the separate rules have their place and their relation to each other and to thewhole.Thuseachrulewhichwecallalawisapartofthewholewhichwecallthelaw.Lawyers generally speak of law; laymen more often of laws. This distinction betweenlaw as a system and law as enactments is brought out more clearly in those languageswhichusedifferentwordsfor each.

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In a developed state the sphere in which the law operates proves to be quite extensive.It embraces all the spheres of production, distribution and exchange. Law fixes theforms of administration and the constitutional system, and determines the legal statusof citizens and activity of the state mechanism (state law, administrative law). It fixesthe existing property relations and operates as a regulator of the measure and forms ofdistribution of labour and its products among the members of society (civil law, labourlaw).Finally,thelawlays downthemeasures for combating encroachment on the state system, the existing order of socialrelations, together with the forms in which this is done (criminal law, procedural law,correctivelabour law).

However, the laws enforced by government can be changed. In fact, laws frequentlyarechanged toreflectchangesinasociety’sneedsandattitudes.
Английское слово “закон” относится к ограничениям на различные формыповедения. Существует смутное различие между созданным человеком закономиморальнымипредписаниями.Законможноопределитькаксовокупностьправил,формирующихмодельповеденияданногообщества.Правоявляетсяоднимизсамыхосновныхсоциальныхинститутов–иоднимизсамыхнеобходимых. Никакое общество не могло бы существовать, если бы все людипоступалитак,какимзаблагорассудится,несчитаясьсправамидругих.Обществотакженеможетиметьопределенныхобязательствпоотношениюдругкдругу.Законтакжеустанавливаетнаказаниядлялюдей,нарушающихэтиправила,иопределяет,какправительстводолжнообеспечиватьсоблюдениеэтихправилинаказаний.

Всовременномобществеправо,посуществу,выполняетдвефункции. Во-

первых, он служит для упорядочения и регулирования дел всех “лиц”, будь тоотдельные лица, корпорации или правительства. Во-вторых, закон выступает вкачестве нормы поведения и морали. Через обе эти функции право стремитсясодействоватьдостижениюширокогокругасоциальныхцелей.Правоможетпредстатькаквысшеедостижениецивилизации.Вспособностичеловекаиздавать законы против своих собственных недостатков мы можем видеть егоглавнуюпретензиюстоять явновышеживотного уровня.

Закон, кажется, существует отдельно от человека и даже не замечается им до техпор, пока кто-то не нарушит его предписания или пока он не будет призванзащищатьинтересы,которые былиобъектомпосягательств.

Изучающий право занимается вопросами отношений между отдельнымигражданамиигосударством,атакжеотношениямимеждугосударствами.Изучение юридического процесса - изучение того, как принимаются решения,ктоихпринимает,каковыэтирешения,каконивлияютнапоследующиесобытия.

Мы обычно говорим как о праве

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, так и о законах – английском праве илизаконахАнглии;иэтитерминыуказываютнадваразличныхаспекта,подкоторыми можно подойти к юридической науке. Законы страны - отдельные,отдельные, индивидуальные правила; закон страны, как бы мы ни разбирали егона отдельные правила, это нечто большее, чем просто сумма таких правил. Этоскореецелое,система,котораяупорядочиваетнашеповедение,вкоторойотдельные правила имеют свое место и свое отношение друг к другу и к целому.Таким образом, каждое правило, которое мы называем законом, является частьюцелого,котороемыназываемзаконом.Юристыобычноговорятозаконах;непрофессионалы чащеговорято законах.Это различиемежду закономкаксистемойизакономкакнормативнымактомболеечеткопроявляетсявтехязыках,вкоторыхдлякаждогоизнихиспользуютсяразныеслова.

В развитом государстве сфера действия закона оказывается весьма

обширной.Онаохватываетвсесферыпроизводства,распределенияиобмена.

Законзакрепляетформыуправленияиконституционногостроя,определяетправовойстатусгражданидеятельностьгосударственногомеханизма(государственноеправо,административноеправо).Онафиксируетсуществующиеотношениясобственностиивыступаетрегулятороммерыиформраспределения труда и его продуктов между членами общества (гражданскоеправо,трудовоеправо).Наконец,законустанавливаетмерыборьбыспосягательствомнагосударственныйстрой,существующийпорядокобщественных отношений, а также формы, в которых это делается (уголовноеправо,процессуальноеправо,исправительно-трудовоеправо).

Однако законы, применяемые правительством, могут быть изменены. Насамом деле законы часто изменяются, чтобы отразить изменения в потребностяхиустановкахобщества.

Word Study

Ex. 1. Read the international words and translate them. Mind the stress.

limit - предел, лимит

form – вид, форма

object - объект

aspect - аспект

person – человек

sphere – сфера

status - статус

operate - оперировать

analyze – анализировать

social - социальный

standard - стандартный

function - функциональный

mechanism механизм

morality – нравственность

activity - деятельность

production– производство

individual – индивидуальная

corporation - корпорация

civilization - цивилизация

distribution - распределение

regulator – регулирующий орган

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