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Тest 9

CHOOSE ALL CORRECT ANSWERS

Conditions for the progress of oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate:

а) the integrity of mitochondrial membranes

b) a sufficient concentration of acetyl-coA, ATP and reduced coenzymes

c) lack of exposure to thiol poisons

d) a sufficient amount of vitamin B₁

e) the presence of oxygen in the cell
Тest 10

CHOOSE ALL CORRECT ANSWERS

Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate completes the formation of :

а) lactate

b) acetyl-coA

c) reduced coenzyme NADN + H ⁺

d) oxaloacetate

e) carbon dioxide
Тest 11

MaTch the Exact correspondence

( one question ­ One ANSWER )

Coenzymes of pyruvate oxidase system	Substances that form cofermet
1) thiamin diphosphate 2) lipoic acid 3) HS – CoA 4) flavine adenine dinucleotide 5) NАD+	а) vitamin В1 б) vitamin В2 в) vitamin В5 г) vitamin РР д) vitamin В6 е) vitamin-like substance

Тest 12

MATCH THE EXACT CORRESPONDENCE

( ONE QUESTION ¬ ONE ANSWER )

Pyruvate oxidase system enzymes системы:	Prosthetic groups enzymes:
1) pyruvate dehydrogenase 2) dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase 3) dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase	а) HS – CoA б) thiamin diphosphate в) lipoic acid г) flavine adenine dinucleotide

Тest 13

MATCH THE EXACT CORRESPONDENCE

( ONE QUESTION ¬ ONE ANSWER )

PVA conversion:	Names of the processes:
1) reduction to lactate 2) carboxylation with the formation oxaloacetate 3) conversion to alanine 4) the formation of acetyl-coA	а) gluconeogenesis b) glycolysis c) oxidative decarboxylation d) transamination e) glycogenolysis

Тest 14

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER

Glycolysis reaction:	Biological value:
conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-diphosphate	а) substrate phosphorylation reaction b) the final reaction of the preparatory stage of glycolysis c) the formation of an active form of glucose d) speed determining reaction

Тest 15

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER

Glycolysis reaction:	Biological meaning:
glucose phosphorylation with ATP to glucose-6 phosphate	а) the reaction of substrate phosphorylation b) the final reaction of the preparatory stage of glycolysis c) the formation of an active form of glucose d) speed determining reaction

Тest 16

Fill in the GAPS

First glycolysis reaction:

______+ ___________ → ________ + _________
Тest 17

Fill in the GAPS

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Rate-determining reaction of glycolysis:

_____ + _______ → _______ + _______

Тest 18

Fill in the GAPS

Active glucose formation:

______ + _____ → ______ + _______

Тest 19

Fill in the GAPS

The final glycolysis reaction:

_____ + _____ = _____ + ________

Тest 20

Fill in the GAPS

Summary equation for oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate:

______ + _______ + _____ → _______ + _______ + _______

Тest 21

FILL IN THE GAPS

The glycolytic oxidoreduction stage begins with a reaction:

______ + ______ + ______ → ______ + _______

Тest 22

FILL IN THE GAPS

The biological role of substrate phosphorylation reactions is in the synthesis of ______ using the energy of ________ substrate binding
Тest 23

FILL IN THE GAPS

Gluconeogenesis is a synthesis process ________ from _________

Тest 24

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The mechanism of inactivation of the pyruvate oxidase complex by thiol poisons includes a blocking of__________ enzyme groups and coenzymes

Тest 25

CHOOSE ALL CORRECT ANSWERS

Pyruvate Oxidase Inhibitors are:

а) СО b) СN c) Hg d) Н₂О₂ e) monoiodoacetate

Тest 26

CHOOSE ALL CORRECT ANSWERS

Hormones that repress the synthesis of key gluconeogenesis enzymes:

а) insulin

b) glucocorticoids

c) glucagon

d) mineral corticoids

e) thyroid hormones

Тest 27

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER

Cells that exist only due to glycolysis

а) hepatocytes

b) cardiomyocytes

c) red blood cells

d) white blood cells

e) adipocytes

Тest 28

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In the process of glycolysis, for one glucose molecule _________ ATP molecules are formed, whereas in the process of glycogenolysis ­ ______

Тest 29

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Glycolysis is a process of _________ glucose oxidation that occurs in _______ of the cell

Тest 30

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER

Hormones inducing synthesis of gluconeogenesis key enzymes:

a) insulin b) glucocorticoids c) glucagon d) mineral corticoids e) thyroid hormones
KEYS

№ 1 – c №2 - а № 3 - e № 4 - а,b,c,d

№ 5 - b,d,e № 6 - а,c,d,e № 7 - d № 8 - а

№ 9 а,c,d,e № 10 – b,c № 11 - 1а,2f,3c,4b,5d

№ 12 - 1b,2c,3d № 13 - 1b,2а,3d,4c

№ 14 - b №15 - c

№ 16 - glucose + ATP → glucose-6-phosphate + ADP

№ 17 -fructose-6-phosphate + ATP → fructose-1,6-diphosphate + ADP

№ 18 - glucose + ATP → glucose-6-phosphate + ADP

№ 19 - pyruvate + NADN + Н⁺ →→ lactate + NАD⁺

№ 20 - pyruvate + HS-CоА +NАD⁺ →→ Acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADN + Н⁺

№ 21 - - glyceraldehyde-3phosphate + NAD ⁺ + Н3РО4 →→ 1,3-diphosphoglycerate + NADN + H⁺

№ 22 - ATP, macroergic

№ 23 - non-carbohydrate glucose

№ 24 - SH-group

№ 25 - c d e № 26 - а № 27 - c

№ 28 – 2, 3 № 29 – anaerobic, cytoplasm № 30 - b
Тopic "Aerobic dichotomous decomposition of carbohydrates. Biological oxidation"

Venue: Chair of Biochemistry.

Duration: 180 minutes.

Objectives: To systematize the knowledge on the aerobic dichotomous way of glucose oxidation obtained in previous classes and consider the following two stages: tricarboxylic acid cycle and terminal oxidation chain.

Specific tasks:

3.1. The student must know:

3.1.1. Stages of aerobic dichotomous oxidation of glucose and the role of each stage.

3.1.2. The biological role and effect of TCAC inhibitors.

3.1.3. Components and enzymes of the terminal oxidation chain.

3.1.4. The value of shuttle mechanisms.

3.2. The student must be able to:

3.2.1. Write down the reactions of TCAC and shuttle mechanisms (glycerolphosphate, malaspartate) and explain their biological role.

3.2.2. Explain the meaning of the terminal oxidation chain.

3.2.3. To calculate the energy yield of aerobic dichotomous glucose oxidation.

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3.3. The student must have the skills to:

3.3.1 deal with information on changes in biochemical parameters, taking into account the knowledge of the development mechanisms of pathologists under the influence of harmful environmental factors

3.3.2. present an independent point of view, analysis and logical thinking, public speech, conducting discussions and round tables.

4. Motivation: The knowledge and skills acquired at the class are required to understand the mechanisms of development of pathological conditions, energy-related disturbances (for example, diabetes, starvation, etc.).

5. Assignment for self-study:

Students should study recommended literature using self-study questions.

Basic Literature

5.1. Revise the lecture material on the topic: "Tricarbon cycle acids. Biological oxidation."

5.2. use the following textbooks for revision Березов Т.Т., Коровкин Б.Ф. "Биологическая химия" М., Медицина 1990 г. С. 305-315, 345- 352

5.3 Биохимия (учебник для ВУЗов под ред. чл.- .корр. РАН, проф. Е.С.Северина, М. 2003, С.264-294 М. 2011, С.262-292

FILL IN THE GAPSльная литература

5.4. изучить раздел в учебнике Марри Р. "Биохимия человека" М., Мир.1993 г. С. 118-136, 172-177.

5.5. использовать книгу Мусил Я. "Современная биохимия в схемах" М., Мир. 1984 г. С. 88-94, 114-122.

5.6. Revise for tests

6. Questions for self-study:

6.1. The main stages of aerobic dichotomous oxidation of carbohydrates.

6.2. In which organoid of the cell are the TCAC and tissue respiration enzymes located?

6.3. What are the reactions of TCAC energy supply and why? Give examples.

6.4. The biological role of TCAC.

6.5. What substances are TCAC inhibitors? Show examples, indicate the type of inhibition.

6.6. What is the terminal oxidation chain, what is the value of its work?

6.7. The structure of NAD⁺, FAD, cytochromes and their functional role in tissue respiration system.

6.8. Indicate the links in the chain of terminal oxidation associated with the synthesis of ATP.

6.9. Mitchell's chemosmotic theory. What is the name of the process ATP formation in the respiratory chain?

6.10. The coefficient of effectiveness of tissue respiration P / O, what it maybe equal in an intact cell?

6.11. Dissociation of oxidation and phosphorylation, its causing factors. Biological role.

6.12. Inhibitors of tissue respiration. The mechanism of action of inhibitors.

6.13. Pasteur effect. Shuttle mechanisms of NADN transfer from the cytoplasm to mitochondria (glycerolphosphate, malataspartate).

6.14. Energy yield of glucose oxidation under aerobic conditions.

Question card sample

1. Give an example of the energy-supplying reaction TCAC.

2. What is the P / O coefficient, its values in an intact cell?

Тest for «Aerobic glucose oxidation, biological oxidation» Section

Тest 1

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:

Localisation of TCAC is:

а) endoplasmic reticulum

b) nucleus

c) cytoplasm

d) mitochondrial matrix

e) inner mitochondrial membrane

Тest 2

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:

Regulatory reaction of TCAC:

а) succinate → fumarate

b) acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate → citrate

c) malate → oxaloacetate

d) citrate → cis-aconitate

e) succinylCoA → succinate

Тest 3

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:

The relationship between the TCAC and the respiratory chain is due to the intake of the TCAC into the respiratory chain:

а) О₂

b) АТP

в) NАDN+Н and FADN₂

г) enzymes

д) acetyl CoA

Тest 4

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:

Substrate phosphorylation reaction:

а) succinyl-CoA → succinate

b) isocytrate → α-ketoglutarate

c) α-ketoglutarate → succinyl-CoA

d) malate → oxaloacetate

e) cis-aconitate → isocytrate

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Тest 5

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:

The result of TCAC work is:

а) 3NADN+Н⁺, 1FAD2N, 2 АТP

b) 2 NADN +Н⁺, 2 FAD2N, 1 АТP

c) 3 NADN +Н⁺, 1 FAD2N, 1 АТP

d) 1 NADN +Н⁺, 1 FAD2N, 1 АТP

e) 1 NADN +Н⁺, 3 FAD2N, 1 АТP

Тest 6

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:

The first section of the conjugation of oxidation and phosphorylation in the respiratory chain:

а) cyt. b → cit. с₁

b) cyt. аа₃ → 1/2 О₂

c) FMN [Fe-S] → CoQ

d) NADN → FMN [Fe-S]

d) cyt. c → cyt. аа₃

Тest 7

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:

The second section of the conjugation of oxidation and phosphorylation in the respiratory chain:

а) cyt. аа₃ → 1/2 О₂

b) FMN [Fe-S] → CoQ

c) cyt. с → cyt. аа₃

d) cyt. b → cyt. с₁

e) NADN → FMN [Fe-S]
Тest 8

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:

The third section of the conjugation of oxidation and phosphorylation in the respiratory chain:

а) cyt. аа₃ → 1/2 О₂

b) FMN [Fe-S] → CoQ

c) cyt. b → cyt. с₁

d) NADN → FMN [Fe-S]

e) cyt. с → cyt. аа₃
Тest 9

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:

Malonate Inhibitor of the Enzyme:

а) succinate dehydrogenase

b) malate dehydrogenase

c) aconitate hydratase

d) isocitrate dehydrogenase

e) citrate synthetase

Тest 10

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:

Fluorocitrate enzyme inhibitor (lethal synthesis type):

а) succinate dehydrogenase

b) malate dehydrogenase

c) aconitate hydratase

d) isocitrate dehydrogenase

e) citrate synthetase

Тest 11

CHOOSE ALL CORRECT ANSWERS:

The mechanism of action of disconnectors on the respiratory chain:

а) stop the respiratory chain

b) change the transmembrane potential

c) increase the formation of ATP

d) reduce the production of ATP

e) block the formation of ATP

Тest 12

CHOOSE ALL CORRECT ANSWERS:

The mechanism of action of inhibitors on the respiratory chain:

а) stop the respiratory chain

b) change the transmembrane potential

c) increase the formation of ATP

d) reduce the production of ATP

e) block the formation of ATP

Тest 13

CHOOSE ALL CORRECT ANSWERS:

Localization of glycerol phosphate shuttle mechanism:

а) heart

b) skeletal muscle

c) the brain

d) connective tissue

e) kidneys

Тest 14

CHOOSE ALL CORRECT ANSWERS:

Localisation of malate-aspartate shuttle mechanism:

а) heart

b) skeletal muscle

c) the brain

d) connective tissue

e) kidneys

Тest 15

CHOOSE ALL CORRECT ANSWERS:

Substrates that are suppliers of electrons and H⁺ for NAD⁺:

а) citrate

b) isocytrate

c) malate

d) aconitate

e) succinate

CHOOSE ALL CORRECT ANSWERS:

Thiol Poisons Enzyme Inhibitors:

а) succinate dehydrogenase

b) malate dehydrogenase

c) aconitate hydratase

d) isocitrate dehydrogenase

e) citrate synthetase

Тest 17

CHOOSE ALL CORRECT ANSWERS:

CoQ accepts electrons and Н⁺ from:

а) α-ketoglutarate

b) acyl-CoA

c) glycerol-3-phosphate

d) malate

e) succinate

Тest 18

CHOOSE ALL CORRECT ANSWERS:

Substrates that are suppliers of electrons and H⁺ for FAD:

а) acyl - CoA

b) succinate

c) succinyl-CoA

d) isolimonic acid

e) phosphoglycerate

Тest 19

CHOOSE ALL CORRECT ANSWERS:

TCAC metabolites that combine three types of metabolism:

а) isocytrate

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b) α-ketoglutarate

c) oxaloacetate

d) cis-aconiate

e) acetyl-CoA

Тest 20

CHOOSE ALL CORRECT ANSWERS:

The nature of the action on the respiratory chain:	Substance:
respiratory chain inhibitors	а) thyroxine in high concentrations b) cyanide c) 2,4-dinitrophenol d) СО e) Н2S

Тest 21

MATCH THE EXACT CORRESPONDENCE:

Respiratory chain components:	The structure of the components of the respiratory chain:
1) cytochrome b 2) coenzyme Q 3) FMN (Fe-S) 4) cytochrome аа3	а) contains nonheme iron b) contains heme iron c) contains heme iron and copper d) ubiquinone e) contains copper

Тest 22

MATCH THE EXACT CORRESPONDENCE:

Respiratory chain	The amount of ATP produced by the respiratory chain
1) complete respiratory chain 2) shortened respiratory chain	а) 4 АТP b) 3 АТP c) 2 АТP d) 1 АТP

Тest 23

CHOOSE ALL CORRECT ANSWERS:

The nature of the action on the respiratory chain:	Substance:
respiratory disconnectors	а) thyroxine in high concentrations b) cyanide c) 2,4-dinitrophenol d) СО e) Н2S f) acetaldehyde

Тest 24

Indicate the correct sequesnce:

Respiratory chain components:

а) cyt. аа₃

б) cyt. с

в) cyt. в

г) cyt. с₁

д) CоQ

Тest 25

FILL IN THE GAPS

The enzyme TCAC, the activity of which is inhibited by the type of lethal synthesis is _________

Тest 26

FILL IN THE GAPS

Substances that stop the respiratory chain and prevent the transfer of electrons are called ____

Тest 27

FILL IN THE GAPS

Substances that alter the transmembrane potential and reduce the production of ATP in the respiratory chain are called ____________

Тest 28

FILL IN THE GAPS

The type of ATP formation in the TCAC is called ­­_________ __________

Тest 29

FILL IN THE GAPS

The type of ATP formation in the respiratory chain is called ¬ ______ _______

Тest 30

FILL IN THE GAPS

Respiratory chain components containing heme iron are ___________
Key: TCAC. Tissue respiration

1 − d 2 − b 3 − c 4 − а 5 − c 6 − c 7 − d 8 − а 9 − а 10 − c 11 − b, d 12 − а, e 13 − b, c 14 − а, e 15 − b, c

16 − а, b, d 17 − b, c, e 18 − а, b, e 19 − b, c, e 20 − b, d, e 21 − 1а, 2d, 3b, 4c 22 − 1 b, 2 c 23 − а,c 24 − ecdba (sequence) 25 − aconitate hydrotase 26 − inhibitors 27 − disconnectors 28 − substrate phosphorylation 29 − oxidative phosphorylation 30 − cytochromes

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