Veins, 67 Venoconstriction
in baroreceptor reflex, 88 Venous blood, pH of, 142Q, 146E Venous compliance
and mean systemic pressure, 81, 81–82 and venous return curve, 83
Venous constriction, 95 Venous pooling, 97, 102Q, 109E Venous pressure, 71
and edema, 104Q, 111E Venous return
and cardiac output, 79 diarrhea and, 107Q, 113E exercise and, 99
Venous return curve, 81, 81–82, 82 Ventilation
alveolar, 116, 123, 133 minute, 116
positive pressure, pulmonary blood flow, 133 Ventilation rate, 116
Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) defects, 133–135, 134, 134t, 135
as cause of hypoxemia, 130t Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio
with airway obstruction, 134–135, 135 changes in, 134–135
defined, 133–134
in different parts of lung, 134, 134f, 134t during exercise, 134–135
in pulmonary embolism, 135, 140Q, 144E Ventral respiratory group, 136
Ventricles, length–tension relationship in, 78, 78–79
Ventricular action potential, 72, 72–73, 105Q, 112E Ventricular ejection, 80
rapid, 85 reduced, 85–87
Ventricular filling, 74, 80 rapid, 87
reduced, 87
Ventricular pressure–volume loop, 79, 79–80, 80 Ventricular volume, 86, 103Q, 109E
Venules, 67
Vestibular organ, 45–46, 46 Vestibular system, 45–47, 46 Vestibular transduction, 46, 46 Vestibular–ocular reflexes, 46–47 Vestibule, of inner ear, 44 Vestibulocerebellum, 52 Vestibulospinal tract, lateral, 52
Vibrio cholerae, 218
VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide), 198–199 in esophageal motility, 201
and GI smooth muscle relaxation, 221Q, 224E Vision, 40–43
layers of retina in, 40–41, 40, 41t optic pathways and lesions in, 41, 42 optics in, 40
photoreception in rods in, 41–42, 43 receptive visual fields in, 43
Visual cortex, receptive fields of, 43 Vital capacity (VC), 116–117
measurement of, 139Q, 143E Vitamin(s), absorption of, 215t, 219 Vitamin A, in photoreception, 41 Vitamin B12, absorption of, 215t, 219 Vitamin D, 254–255
actions of, 251t, 255
in calcium metabolism, 252 metabolism of, 251t, 254, 255
VMA (3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid), 15, 32 VMA (vanillylmandelic acid), 15, 32
Volatile acid, 172 Voltage-gated channels, 7 Volume contraction
alkalosis, 149
due to diarrhea, 149, 183 hyperosmotic, 150t, 151 in hypoaldosteronism, 181 hyposmotic, 150t, 151 isosmotic, 149, 150t
due to vomiting, 182, 182 Volume expansion
hyperosmotic, 149–150, 150t hyposmotic, 150t, 151 isosmotic, 149, 150t
Volume of distribution, 148 Vomiting, 203
and gastric secretion, 208
metabolic alkalosis due to, 182, 182, 187Q, 193E
W
Water (H2O) absorption of, 218
distribution of, 147, 148, 148t secretion of, 218
shifts between compartments of, 149–151,
150, 150t total body
measuring volume of, 147, 148t tritiated, 147
Water deprivation, 167–170, 168 and free-water clearance, 168 and H2O reabsorption, 185Q, 190E and TF/P osmolarity, 188Q, 193E
Water intake, response to, 163, 165 Water-soluble substances, and cell membrane, 1 Weak acids, 155
Weak bases, 155 Wernicke area, 55 Wheal, 97 Wolff–Chaikoff effect, 238 Wolffian ducts, 255, 256
Z
Z line, 17, 17
Zollinger–Ellison syndrome, 197, 210, 223Q, 226E Zona fasciculata, 241, 242, 243
Zona glomerulosa, 241, 242, 243, 264Q, 268E Zona reticularis, 241, 242, 243
Zonula occludens, 1
