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6. If you study hard, you will (pass) your exam.
Exercise 10. Use the correct tense form:
If you 1) saw this film, we 2) would discuss it later. If she 3) had a problem, I 4) would help her. If we 5) had traveled by car, we 6) would have saved a lot of money. If he doesn’t give her flowers once a week she 8) will be offended. If they 9) blamed him, it 10) would serve him right. When the children 11) come home for Christmas, the parents 12) will be happy. When the summer season 13) comes , there 14) will be a lot of tourists here. When you 15) go shopping, use your credit card. You 16) will feel better, after you 17) take the tablet. We 18) will buy their car after father 19) gets his salary. I 20) will not try this dress on before I 21) know how much it 22) is. I 23) will wake you up as soon as I 24) get up. They 25) will make an announcement about the plane as soon as it 26) lands. As soon as Tom 27) fixes the engine we 28) will continue our journey. As soon as he 29) writes to me I 30) will let you know. We 31) will lie in the sun and 32) swim in the warm sea unless the weather 33) changes for the worse. She 34) will not marry him unless he 35) gives up his bad habits. You 36) won’t lose weight unless you 37) eat less. We 38) will have a good time while our holiday 39) lasts. I 40) will keep you here, until you 41) tell the truth.
Infinitive (to + verb) - Gerund (verb + -ing)
| The full infinitive (inf. with to) is used: | The -ing form is used: |
| 1. to express purpose. He went to buy some bread | 1. as a noun Smoking is dangerous. |
| 2. after would love / like / prefer. I'd love to see you tonight. | 2. after love, like, dislike, hate, enjoy. I love going to discos. |
| 3. after adjectives (angry, glad, happy, sorry, pleased, annoyed, etc). I'm glad to see you here. | 3. after start, begin, stop, finish. He started doing his homework at 5:00. |
| 4. with too or enough. He's too old to drive. She's clever enough to understand it. | 4. after go for physical activities. She went skiing last Sunday |
| 5. after certain verbs (advise, agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, manage, offer, promise, refuse, seem, want, etc). I hope to meet him again. | 5. after certain verbs (avoid, admit, confess to. deny, look forward to, mind, object to, prefer, regret, risk, spend, suggest, etc). I don't mind helping you with the dishes. |
| 6. after question words (where, how, what, who, which). Why is not used with to - infinitive. I don't know what to do. BUT: Nobody knew why he was angry. | 6. after the expressions: I'm busy, it's no use, it's (no) good, it's worth, what's the use of, be used to, there's no point (in). It's worth seeing that film. |
| 7.after adjectives (angry, glad, happy, sorry, pleased, annoyed, etc). I'm glad to see you here. | 7. after prepositions. He left without taking his coat. |
| 8. with too or enough. He's too old to drive. She's clever enough to understand it. | 8. after hear, see, sound to emphasize an action in progress I saw her crossing the street. (I saw her while she was crossing the street.) I saw her cross the strret (I saw her when she had crossed the street.) |
| The bare infinitive (inf. without to) is used: | |
| 1. after modal verbs (can, must etc). We must leave soon. | |
| 2. after let / make / hear / see + object. Let me go or I'll make you regret it. | |
| 3. after modal verbs (can, must etc). We must leave soon. | |
NOTE
1) Some verbs can take a full infinitive or the -ing form with no difference in meaning. These verbs are:
begin, hate, like, love, prefer, start etc.
e.g. He likes to watch / watching the birds.
2) If the subject of the verb is the same as the subject of the infinitive, then the subject of the infinitive is omitted. If, however, the subject of the verb is different from the subject of the infinitive, then an object pronoun (me, you, him etc) is placed before the infinitive.
Compare: I want to be back at 10 o'clock.
I want him to be back at 10 o'clock.
Exercise 11. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
Dear Julie,
I am writing to thank (thank) you for my birthday present. I was so happy 2) to receive it –I had so many lovely presents, I don’t know what 3) to do with them all! On my birthday I went for a meal with some friends and afterwards we went 4) dancing at that new club on Poplar Street. If you haven’t been, it’s certainly worth 5) going there.
Now that I’m old enough 6) to drive, I’m busy 7) taking driving lessons. Dad has said he’ll let me 8) use his car as long as I promise 9) to be careful.
Well, I must 10) go now. I hope 11) to hear from you soon.
Love,
Madeleine
Exercise 12 put the verbs in brackets in the infinitive or the –ing form.
He advised me to see a lawyer, (see)
1) I hate traveling by train, (travel)
2) He left without _saying_ goodbye, (say)
3) She managed __to lose__ a lot of weight, (lose)
4) _Swimming_ helps you keep fit, (swim)
5) They made him __tell__ them the truth, (tell)
6) Matt goes__jogging__ every morning, (jog)
7) We are sorry_to inform_ you that you have failed the exam, (inform)
8) I'd love _to go__ to the cinema tonight, (go)
9) I look forward to __seeing__ you again soon, (see)
10) It's no use __trying__ to make him change his mind, (try)
11) Sue went to the library __to borrow__ some books, (borrow)
12) I don't know how __to do__ this exercise, (do)
| Too + adjective/adverb (negative implication) | He’s too young to have a car. (He’s so young that he can’t have a car.) |
| Adjective/adverb + enough (positive implication) | She’s clever enough to do the exercise. (She can do the exercise.) It’s early enough for us to catch the bus. (It’s quite early so we can still catch the bus.) |
| Enough + noun | He’s got enough courage to do it. |
Exercise 13. Put the verbs in brackets into the infinitive or-ing form.
My mother is an amazing woman. She is 87 years old and she still enjoys 1) going out (go out) for a walk every day. She doesn't mind 2) __doing_ (do) all her housework and she's glad 3) __to help__ (help) her elderly neighbours when they can't 4) ___go__ (go) to the shops. She's too old 5) _to dig_ (dig) the garden any more- she stopped 6) _doing_ (do) that last year - but she's still healthy enough 7) __to mow__ (mow) the grass! In the summer she still goes 8) __swimming__ (swim) when it's warm and she lets her grandchildren 9) __bury_ (bury) her in the sand. She often says, "It's no good 10) __being__ (be) alive if you don't enjoy yourself." I'd love 11) __to be___ (be) like my mother when I'm her age.
Part B. Subject area: “Work and Business”
| Topic vocabulary in contrast | ||
| employer / employee / staff | wage(s)/salary/pay | overtime / promotion / pension |
| job/work/career | commute / deliver | company / firm / business |
| earn / win / gain | retire/resign | union / charity |
| Phrasal verbs | ||
| back out | decide not to do sth you agreed to do | |
| bring out | produce and start to sell a new product | |
| close down | stop operating (for companies) | |
| see through (to) | continue (or help to continue) to the end of sth unpleasant or difficult | |
| see to | deal with | |
| set to | start doing sth in a determined or enthusiastic way | |
| set out | start working on sth in order to achieve an aim | |
| set up | start (a business, organisation, etc | |
| slow down | decrease speed | |
| speed up | increase speed | |
| stand in for | do sb's job for them while they are not available | |
| take on | start to employ; accept (work or responsibility) | |
| take over | take control of (a business, etc) | |
| turn down | not accept (an offer, request, etc) | |
| Phrases and collocations | ||
| agreement | come to/reach (an) agreement (on/about sth); in agreement (on/about/with) sth | |
| arrangement | make an arrangement (with/for sb) (to do); have an arrangement (with sb) (to do) | |
| business | do business (with sb); in business; go somewhere on business; business trip; small business; big business | |
| complain | have/make a complaint (about sth) (to sb); letter of complaint (to sb) (about sth) | |
| day | have/take/get a day off; day job; day trip; day by day; the other/next day | |
| decision | make/take a decision (to do sth); come to/reach/make a decision (about sth) | |
| duty | do one's duty; a sense of duty; on/off duty; have a duty to sb/to do | |
| effort | make an effort (to do); put effort into sth/doing | |
| experience | have an experience; have/gain/get experience in/of sth/doing; experienced in/at sth/doing | |
| hold | put/keep sb on hold; hold on (to sth); hold sth | |
| interest | have/take/express an interest in sth/doing; in your interest to do; earn/get/pay interest | |
| interview | have/go to/attend an interview; job interview | |
| job | do a job; have a job (to do); apply for a job; take/get a job; in a job | |
| work | do some work; have work to do; go to work; at work; work hard; out of work; place of work | |
| Word patterns | ||
| absent from sth | ||
| apply for sth; apply in writing | ||
| attach sth to sth; attached to sth | ||
| begin doing/to do/sth; begin by doing | ||
| depend on sth/sb | ||
| experienced in/at sth/doing | ||
| good for sb (to do sth); good at sth/doing; good to sb | ||
| quality as/in sth | ||
| responsible for sth/doing | ||
| specialize in sth/doing | ||
| train to do | ||
| work as/at/in sth; work for sb | ||
| Word formation | ||
| add | added, addition, additional(ly) | |
| apply | (in)applicable, applied, applicant, application | |
| commerce | commercial(ly) | |
| dedicate | dedicated, dedication | |
| effect | (in)effective(ly) | |
| employ | (un)employed, unemployable, (un)employment, employer, employee | |
| help | (un)helpful(ly), helpless(ly),helping, helper | |
| industry | industrial(ly) | |
| machine | Machinery | |
| manage | managing, management, manager | |
| meet | met, meeting | |
| profession | (un)professional(ly) | |
| quality | (un)qualified, qualifying, qualification | |
| responsible | irresponsible, (ir)responsibly, (ir)responsibility | |
| supervise | supervision, supervisor | |
| work | working, (un)workable, worker, works | |
Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary in contrast. Choose the correct word.
1) The charity / union I'm a member of is calling for a nationwide strike next week.
2) It's company / firm / business policy not to allow the use of phones for personal calls during working hours.
3) The recent raise / rise in the cost of petrol has affected loads of small businesses round here.
4) In some professions, you have to retire / resign when you're 60 or 65 years old.
5) My grandfather gets a pension / promotion from the company he used to work for.
6) Not only did we all have to work overtime/ promotion this weekend, but we didn't get paid for it!
7) Have you had any news about that work / job / career you applied for yet?
8) The starting salary / wage is €20,000 per year.
9) You'll get a weekly pay / wage of about €300 before deductions.
10) She became a full-time member of employees / staff / employers last year.
Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary in contrast. Complete using the correct words in the box..
commute deliver earn gain make sack win
1) No sooner had Denzil ___won___ the lottery than he decided to quit his job.
2) How long does it take you to ___commute___ to work every day?
3) How much does a state school teacher ___earn___ each year?
4) Over a hundred workers were ___made___ redundant when the factory closed.
5) Our next door neighbors were __sacked___ for stealing company property.
6) Does your local supermarket __deliver____?
7) Rarely have I _gained_ so much valuable experience in such a short space of time.
Exercise 3. Phrasal verbs. Write one word in each gap.
It just takes hard work and commitment
Entrepreneur Jane Dickson describes how she got started
I was working as an IT Manager for a small publishing company (in fact, I was standing 1) ___in___ for the actual manager while she was away on maternity leave) when the company was taken 2) _over_ by a large multinational media organisation. It was in the depths of the recession, and initially our new owners promised to see our small company 3) __through__ the hard times. Things got worse, though, and they finally backed 4) ___out__ of their agreement. Our company closed 5) _down_ We were all made redundant-it was horrible!
I wasn't sure what I wanted to do next. I 6) __turned__ down several offers of work as I didn't want to rush into anything. Then, one day, I woke up and thought: 'I'm going to set 7) __up__ my own business!' At first it was tough. I had to 8) __see__ to everything myself - I was the only employee! - but I set 9) __to__ it with dedication and refused to give up, whatever happened. Over the last five years, as the company's grown, I've taken 10) _on__ more and more staff. Dickson's now employs over five hundred people! I set 11) _out_ to be successful, and I've managed it. I feel very lucky, although, to be honest luck has nothing to do with it. It just takes hard work and commitment. I don't feel satisfied yet though. We're bringing 12) __out__ new products all the time, and I want to continue doing that I also want to speed 13) __up__ our production process to make it more efficient. I'm not planning to slow 14) __down__ any time soon!
Exercise 4. Phrases and collocations. Match to make sentences.
1) I put a lot of effort D) into writing this report
2) They’ve made their decision B) about who is going to get promoted.
3) It’s not in your interest to H) accept a pay cut.
4) The secretary’s kept me A) on hold for ages.
5) I don’t know why you didn’t apply G) for that position
6) I think we’re all in agreement J) on this, aren’t we?
7) Dean’s been out C) of work for over two months now
8) The shop hasn’t been in E) business long
9) I’m glad you’re finally taking an interest F) in your work
10) Jason lives fairly near his place of I) work, doesn’t he?
Exercise 5. Phrases and collocations. Write one word in each gap.
1) Maybe you should write a letter ___of__ complaint to the manager.
2) When was the last time you had a __day__off?
3) Hardly had the police officer come __on__ duty when he had to respond to an emergency.
4) My dad's __at__ work at the moment, I'm afraid. Can you call back later?
5) I am available to __have__ an interview at your convenience.
6) He's been __doing__ this job for over thirty years.
7) Our company __does__ a lot of business with Altech Industries.
8) Sol's made an arrangement __with___ the wholesalers to deliver more frequently in future.
9) June's got several years’ experience _of_ dealing with young children.
Exercise 6. Word patterns. Choose the correct answer.
1) Who is responsible ______ dealing with complaints?
A with В for
С in D at
2) We began ______ looking round for advertising agencies which had experience of our market.
A to В with
С by D at
3) The covering letter wasn't attached ______ the CV.
A to В with
С from D by
4) Don't you think you should apply for the job ______ writing?
A with В for
С at D in
5) I was only absent ______ the office for a few minutes!
A for В from
С in D about
6) Success in this industry depends a lot ______ luck!
A with В from
С at D on
Exercise 7. Phrases and collocations. Find the incorrect word in each sentence and write the correct word on the line.
1) Sadie's quite good in typing ………good at…….
2) Jimmy qualified at a doctor a couple of years ago……qualified as ………..
3) You need to be good at languages to work in an interpreter…work as...
4) It'll be good that Rudy to get some work experience this summer……good for …...
5) You've got to be experienced from dealing with difficult authors if you want to be an editor…………experienced in………………………………..
6) We specialize for manufacturing tiles for the building industry……………….specialize in ….
7) After qualifying as veterinary medicine, she decided to move to Yorkshire……………qualifying in………….
8) I'd love to work as advertising………work in……………
9) Joanne is training for become a trapeze artist at the moment!....training to........
Exercise 8. Word formation. Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word in capitals when this is necessary.
1) All the heavy __machinery_ (MACHINE) in the factory has been manufactured on site.
2) Al is a manager at the local water _works__ (WORK).
3) An __industrial_ (INDUSTRY) dispute is threatening to delay production of the new car.
4) We work under close __supervision__ (SUPERVISE), so there's not much opportunity for initiative.
5) Farm __workers__ (WORK) in Belgium have accepted a 5% pay increase.
6) There'll be an __addition_ (ADD) charge of €30 for delivery.
7) Supersonic planes have never been a _commercial_ (COMMERCE) success.
8) We couldn't have built this new train without the _dedication__ (DEDICATE) and expertise of the entire workforce.
9) The plan is completely __unworkable_ (WORK). Let's just forget it!
Exercise 9. Word formation. Complete the text by changing the form of the word in brackets.
Although a certain percentage of graduates will still be 1) __unemployed_ (employ) six months after leaving university, the majority will have found 2) __employment_ (employ) by then. Many of these will even have been offered a job while at university, as a result of visiting a job fair. Job fairs are held at many universities each year. Companies come along to advertise jobs, which are usually in 3) _management__ (manage), and the career structures and benefit packages that go with them. Job fairs are an 4) __effective_ (effect) way for undergraduates to find out what kind of job they might be interested in.