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348 A p p e n d i x 2 : COMPUTER RANKING OF THE SEQUENCE OF APPEARANCE OF FEATURES OF THE BRAIN

Appendix 2. Continued. Main Features from 7 to 8 Postfertilizational Weeks, Beyond the Study by Computer Ranking

 

Approximate

 

Stage

age (days)

 

 

 

 

20

47

Crossing fibers in optic chiasma

 

 

Medial septal nucleus

 

 

Nucleus of diagonal band

 

 

Cuneate and gracile decussating fibers

 

 

Olivo-arcuate migration

21

50

Lateral olfactory tract

 

 

Cortical plate in cerebral hemispheres

 

 

Pyramidal cells in hippocampus

 

 

Globus pallidus internus (future entopeduncular nucleus)

 

 

Cranial nerves with glial (olfactory and optic) and neuri-lemmal cells between nerve fibers

 

 

Ventral part of lateral geniculate body

 

 

Area of future dentate gyrus

 

 

Dentate nucleus of cerebellum

22

52

Internal capsule present and three outlets forming

 

 

Nerve fibers between neopallial subplate and internal capsule

 

 

Claustrum

 

 

Intereminential sulcus between medial and lateral ventricular eminences

 

 

Roof of ventricle 3 becoming folded

 

 

Intradural veins (dural sinuses) present

23

56

Hippocampus reaches temporal pole

 

 

Insula

 

 

Caudate nucleus and putamen

Beginning of anterior commissure

Optic tract reaches ventral part of lateral geniculate body

Cerebellar commissures

Principal nucleus of inferior olivary nuclei

Olivocerebellar fibers

Cells of area membranaceae cuboidal

Pyramidal decussation

Falx cerebri

Most cisterns present

Lateral parts of tentorium cerebelli

No apertures in roof of ventricle 4

A P P E N D I X 3

SEQUENCE AND STAGE

OF APPEARANCE OF

MEDIAN FEATURES OF

THE BRAIN

 

 

 

Preoptic recess

 

 

 

 

 

 

(rostral end of neural plate)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(stage 14)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Neuromere

Dorsocaudally

 

Stage

 

Ventrocaudally

 

Stage

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

T

Lamina terminalis

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Embryonic

 

11

 

 

 

 

 

Adult

 

15

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Commissural plate

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(situs neuroporicus)

12

 

 

 

 

 

Velum transversum

 

14

 

Chiasmatic plate

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

D1

 

 

 

 

 

10

 

 

 

 

 

Supraoptic commissure

17

Par. r.

 

 

 

 

Postoptic recess

 

14

 

 

 

 

Infundibular region

 

13

Par. c.

 

 

 

 

Inframamillary recess

17

 

 

 

 

 

Mamillary region

 

13

 

 

 

 

 

Supramamillary recess

17

 

 

 

 

 

(termination of sulcus limitans)

 

Syn.

Epiphysis cerebri

 

16

 

Supramamillary commissure

15

 

Posterior commissure

17

 

 

 

 

M1

Commissure of superior

 

 

 

 

 

 

colliculi

 

15

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

M2

 

 

 

 

Oculomotor decussation

17

Isth.

Trochlear decussation

15

 

Isthmic recess

 

16

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Abbreviations: D1, Diencephalon. Isth., Isthmus. M1, M2, Mesencephalon. Par. c. & r., Parencephalon caudalis & rostralis. Syn., Synencephalon. T, Telencephalon.

The Embryonic Human Brain: An Atlas of Developmental Stages, Third Edition. By O’Rahilly and Muller¨

Copyright C 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

349

A P P E N D I X 4

SEQUENCE AND STAGE

OF APPEARANCE OF

TRACTS OF THE BRAIN

Tract

Stage

Tract

Stage

 

 

 

 

Lateral longitudinal

12

Crossed tectobulbar

16

Ventral longitudinal

13

Fibers from olfactory tubercle

16, 17

Common afferent1

13

to amygdaloid body

 

Medial longitudinal

13

Habenulo-interpeduncular

16, 17

Dorsal funiculus

14

Fibers from olfactory bulb to

17

Preoptico-hypothalamic2

14

olfactory tubercle4

 

Hypothalamotegmental

14, 15

Mamillothalamic

18

Mamillotegmental

15

Stria medullaris thalami

18, 19

Medial forebrain bundle

15, 16

Lateral lemniscus

18, 19

Tractus solitarius separates

15, 16

Thalamostriatal5

19

from common afferent tract

 

Tract of zona limitans

19

Hypothalamo-thalamic3

15, 16

intra thalamica

 

Tract of posterior commissure

15, 16

Central tegmental 6

19

1Containing fibers of the future tractus solitarius.

 

 

 

2Part of the basal forebrain bundle.

 

 

 

3Containing striatosubthalamic fibers.

 

 

 

4Part of the basal forebrain bundle.

 

 

 

5Synonyms: lateral forebrain bundle, Stammbundel¨

(of His).

 

 

6Zecevic and Verney (1995).

 

 

 

Pathways concerned with the transportation of monoamines.

The Embryonic Human Brain: An Atlas of Developmental Stages, Third Edition. By O’Rahilly and Muller¨

Copyright C 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

351

A P P E N D I X 5

SEQUENCE AND STAGE

OF APPEARANCE OF

FEATURES ASSOCIATED

WITH THE

RHOMBENCEPHALON

Age

Stage

(weeks)

Neural Discs

Neural Crest

Ganglia

Nuclei

Nerve Fibers

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

9

3

1

9 (otic)

 

 

 

 

10

4

2

10 (arch 4)

5, 7, 9,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

10(−11?)

 

 

 

11

 

 

 

7–8

5, 7–8

 

 

11–12

 

 

 

 

 

(5, 7, 9, 10–11,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

12 eff.)

 

12

 

 

 

 

9 superior &

 

5, 7, 9, 11 SVE;

 

 

 

 

 

10 superior

 

12 GSE

12–13

 

 

7, 9,

 

9 inferior &

3, 4, eff.

5, 7 eff.

 

 

 

(arches 2 & 3)

 

10 inferior

 

5, 7 GVA

13

4

1

5 (arch 1)

 

 

 

3 GSE

13–14

 

2

 

 

 

6 eff.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

14

 

 

 

 

 

 

4 GSE; 5 mesenc.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

root; 8v eff.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

9, 10–11 aff.

14–15

5

 

 

 

 

 

6 GSE

15–16

 

 

 

 

 

Sup. & inf.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

salivatory

 

16

5

1

 

 

 

 

8c

17

6

2

 

 

 

5 motor

 

 

 

 

 

 

18

 

 

 

 

 

5 main sensory

 

19

6

1

 

 

 

8c ventral &

 

 

 

2

 

 

 

dorsal

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

20

7

 

 

 

 

10 dorsal eff.

 

21

 

 

 

 

 

8v lateral

 

22

7

1

 

 

 

8v superior

 

 

 

2

 

 

 

 

 

Provisional location.

Abbreviations: aff., afferent; eff., efferent; GSE, general somatic efferent; GVA, general visceral afferent; SVE, special visceral efferent; 8c, 8v, cochlear and vestibular parts of cranial nerve 8, respectively.

Source: All the data are based on the authors’ studies.

The Embryonic Human Brain: An Atlas of Developmental Stages, Third Edition. By O’Rahilly and Muller¨

Copyright C 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

353

Index

Items in this index are generally listed under nouns rather than adjectives. For example, pontine flexure under Flexure. Similarly rostral neuropore under Neuropore, fourth ventricle under Ventricle. Malformations and syndromes named after people, however, are listed under the names of these people. T, Table.

A

Adenohypophysis, 47, 49, 50, 81, 100, 105, 119, 121T, 122, 143, 163, 287

Adhesion, intrathalamic, 298 Age, 13, 15–17

Agenesis cerebellar, 82

corpus callosum, 300 hypoglossal nerve, 74 sacral, 74

Albinism, 74

Alveus, 303

Amygdala. See Complex, amygdaloid Anencephaly, 82, 83, 218

Angle of forebrain, 263, 295 Ansa cervicalis, 98, 106, 123, Aorta, 59,70

Apertures of fourth ventricle, 244 Aplasia, caudal, 74

Apoptosis, 329

Aqueduct of midbrain, 101, 111, 293 Arachnoid, 217

Arch(es) aortic, 68–70

neural, 145, 228 pharyngeal, 40, 65, 69, 70

Archicerebellum, 279

Archipallium, 108, 331 Archistriatum, 108, 149T, 155, 156t Area

dentate, 135, 190, 200, 242, 278, 331 epithelialis, 135, 173, 177, 190, 200, 242, 331 hippocampi, 96, 331

membranacea, 119, 244, 331 reuniens, 331

septal, 177, 178

ventral tegmental, 175–177 Arhinencephaly, 82 Arnold–Chiari malformation, 102

Artery(-ies) to brain, 257, 297, 313 basilar, 107, 119, 122, 153 circulus arteriorus, 107, 204, 296 hypoglossal, 80, 112, 204

internal carotid, 59, 224, 235, 308, 309

newborn, 319 otic, 112, 204

staged, 107, 112T, 203, 252, 253 trigeminal, 112, 204

Astrocytes, 175

Asymmetry, cerebral, 103, 297

B

Basicranium, see Chondrocranium Bell–Magendie, law of, 258, 332

Blindsack, mesencephalic, 135, 170, 206, 244, 247

Blood vessels (See also, Arteries and Veins), 85, 98, 99

Body

lateral geniculate, 190, 198, 268, 289 mamillary, 77, 95, 269

medial geniculate, 289 paraterminal, 156

pineal (See also Epiphysis), 104, 118 Brain

functional aspects, 170, 248, 309 growth of, 319

measurements of, 317, 341 newborn, 308, 310, 312, 313 ventricles. See Ventricles “vesicles”, 1, 31

weight of, 10, 317 Brain stem, 291, 292, 305,

median views, 291, 292, 318, 319

Bulb, olfactory, 123, 131, 137, 140, 152, 159, 179, 232, 276, 295 (rotation), 304

Bundle (See also Fasciculus) basal forebrain, 166, 331

lateral forebrain, 98, 139, 166, 167, 199, 267, 333

medial forebrain, 98, 106, 123, 137, 157, 166, 167, 333

vestibulocerebellar, 106

C

C-shaped structures, 269T, 269

Cajal-Retzius, cells of, 129, 331

Canal central, 293

neurenteric, 26, 28, 34, 35, 37, 38, 331 notochordal, 21, 29, 331

Capsule

external, 273, 284

internal, 167, 208, 210, 236–238, 243, 273, 284, 287, 294

Cavum septi pellucidi, 311 Cebocephaly, 82, 84 Cell(s)

Cajal-Retzius, 129, 331 catecholaminergic, 169, 331 cholinergic, 177 dopaminergic, 177, 230 embryonic stem, 21 ependymal, 172 hippocampal stem, 300 olfactory, 159

piriform (Purkinje), 281 TH-IR, 126

Center(s) (See also Neurons) dopaminergic, 177, 332 monaminergic, 126T, 331

Cerebellum, 330 agenesis, 82

appearance at stages 13 to 17, 75 corpus, 146, 200

embryonic development, 78T, 108T eversion, 279

extraventricular, 117, 134, 145, 151 external germinal layer, 144, 216, 239,

245–247, 281, 334 fetal, 258T, 279–280 fissuration, 279, 280

flocculus, 145, 201, 212, 239, 245, 246, 279 folia, 279, 280

fusion, 245, 247, 258, 266, 279 hemispheres, 171, 247, 279 histological differentiation, 280, 281

intraventricular, 118, 144, 145, 151, 201, 212, 245

neo (ponto) cerebellum, 279 nodule, 246, 279

The Embryonic Human Brain: An Atlas of Developmental Stages, Third Edition. By O’Rahilly and Muller¨ Copyright C 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

354

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