Файл: Практикум.docx

РАССМОТРЕНА

Председателем ЦК

языковедческих дисциплин

от «____» ______________ 2022 г.

_______________ В.В. Лаврина 

УТВЕРЖДАЮ

И.о. зам. директора

по учебной работе

_______________ Л.Н. Красникова

«____» ______________ 2022 г.

Организация-разработчик:

Государственное областное автономное профессиональное образовательное учреждение «Липецкий металлургический колледж»

Разработчик:

ГОАПОУ «Липецкий металлургический колледж», преподаватель английского языка Ефимова А.С.

2021-2022 учебный год

Пояснительная записка

Пособие предназначено для обучающихся специальности 13.02.11 Техническая эксплуатация и обслуживание электрического и электромеханического оборудования (по отраслям) по программе среднего профессионального образования.

Целью данного пособия является формирование умения читать нa английском языке и переводить техническую литературу; формирование лексических и грамматических навыков говорения по теме «Электричество». Кроме того, пособие также может быть использовано для обучения навыкам и умениям говорения на темы данной специальности, что соответствует установкам рабочей программы.

Задачи пособия включают:

• 
  сформировать и развить лексические и грамматические навыки говорения;
  
• 
  научить студентов работе со словарем;
  
• 
  сформировать навыки работы со словарем;
  
• 
  замотивировать студентов на более углубленное изучение английского языка.
  

Настоящее издание пособия составлено в соответствии с его отраслевым назначением.

Работа с пособием, которую рекомендуется начинать в рамках вводного курса профессионального модуля, предусматривает:

• 
  накопление студентами активного словаря-минимума, включающего термины и общую лексику;
  
• 
  формирование основ потенциального словаря;
  
• 
  тренировку синтаксических структур, типичных для научно-технической литературы.
  

Тексты пособия отобраны из оригинальной и переводной литературы. По языковому уровню они делятся на две группы:

• 
  к первой группе относятся элементарные тексты, построенные на простых по синтаксису предложениях;
  
• 
  ко второй – оригинальные тексты с присущими специальной литературе синтаксическими и морфологическими особенностями.
  

Все тексты пособия объединяет единая смысловая направленность. они расположены в определенной логической последовательности: от истории открытия электричества до современных способов его применения.

Пособие состоит из 18 текстов с тренировочными упражнениями, заключительного теста и словаря. Каждый текст построен на активной лексике и серии тренировочных упражнений. Также, пособие включает небольшие тексты, содержащие пассивную лексику и служащие для обучения работе со словарем.

Каждая часть пособия предназначена для повторения и закрепления пройденного материала и включает:

• 
  обзорные упражнения на повторение грамматических явлений, характерных для специальной литературы;
  
• 
  тексты для дополнительного чтения с заданиями, рассчитанными на активизацию мыслительной деятельности обучающихся.
  

CONTENTS:

1.	History of electricity	5
2.	The concept of electric current flow	7
3.	Kinds of circuits	9
4.	Semiconductors	10
5.	Conductors and insulators	12
6.	Capacitors	14
7.	Resistors. Rheostats. Heaters	15
8.	Electric lines and their efficiency	16
9.	Fuses	18
10.	Direct current and alternating current	19
11.	Measuring devices. Ammeter	20
12.	Voltmeter	21
13.	Ohmmeter	22
14.	Measurement of insulation resistance	23
15.	Circuit-opening devices. Switches	24
16.	Relays	26
17.	Transformer	28
18.	Batteries	30
	Revision test	31
	Vocabulary	33

HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY

Vocabulary:

1. 
   electric charge – электрический заряд;
   
2. 
   sphere – шар;
   
3. 
   crank – заводной рычаг;
   
4. 
   to be induced – быть индуцированным;
   
5. 
   positive charge – положительный заряд;
   
6. 
   negative charge – отрицательный заряд;
   
7. 
   kite experiment – змейковый эксперимент;
   
8. 
   atmospheric electricity – атмосферное электричество;
   
9. 
   lightning – молния;
   
10. 
    thunder – гром;
    
11. 
    electrostatic charge – электростатический заряд;
    
12. 
    Leyden jar – лейденская банка;
    
13. 
    square of the distance – квадрат расстояния;
    
14. 
    to distribute – распределять;
    
15. 
    electrical current – электрический ток;
    
16. 
    magnetic field – магнитное поле;
    
17. 
    to induce – индуцировать;
    
18. 
    electromagnetic waves – электромагнитные волны;
    
19. 
    electron theory – теория электронов;
    
20. 
    widespread use – широкое использование;
    
21. 
    source of power – источник энергии;
    
22. 
    to vary inversely – изменяяться обратно/пропорционально.
    

Read and translate the text:

The first machine for producing an electric charge was described in 1672 by the German physicist Otto von Guericke. It consisted of a sulfur sphere turned by a crank on which a charge was induced when the hand was held against it.

The French scientist Charles Fransois de Cisternay Du Fay was the first to make clear the two different types of electric charge: positive and negative.

Benjamin Franklin spent much time in electrical research. His famous kite experiment proved that the atmospheric electricity that causes the phenomena of lightning and thunder is identical with the electrostatic charge on a Leyden jar. Franklin developed a theory that electricity is a single “fluid” existing in all matter, and that its effects can be explained by excesses and shortages of this fluid. 

The British chemist Joseph Priestley proved the law that the force between electric charges varies inversely with the square of the distance between the charges experimentally in 1766. Priestley also demonstrated that an electric charge distributes itself uniformly over the surface of a hollow metal sphere, and that no charge and no electric field of force exists within such a sphere.

Charles Augustin de Coulomb invented a torsion balance to measure accurately the force exerted by electrical charges. With this apparatus he confirmed Priestley's observations and showed that the force between two charges is also proportional to the product of the individual charges. Faraday, who made many contributions to the study of electricity in the early 19th century, was also responsible for the theory of electric lines of force.

The Italian physicists Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta conducted the first important experiments in electrical currents. Galvani produced muscle contraction in the legs of frogs by applying an electric current to them. Volta in 1800 announced the first artificial electrochemical source of potential difference, a form of electric battery.

The Danish scientist Hans Christian Oersted demonstrated the fact that a magnetic field exists around an electric current flow in 1819.  In 1831 Faraday proved that a current flowing in a coil of wire could induce electromagnetically a current in a nearby coil. About 1840 James Prescott Joule and the German scientist Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz demonstrated that electric circuits obey the law of the conservation of energy and that electricity is a form of energy.

An important contribution to the study of electricity in the 19th century was the work of the British mathematical physicist James Clerk Maxwell, who investigated the properties of electromagnetic waves and light and developed the theory that the two are identical. His work paved the way for the German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, who produced and detected electric waves in the atmosphere in 1886.

The Dutch physicist Hendrik Antoon Lorentz first advanced the electron theory, which is the basis of modern electrical theory in 1892. The widespread use of electricity as a source of power is largely due to the work of such pioneering American engineers and inventors as Thomas Alva Edison, Nikola Tesla, and Charles Proteus Steinmetz.

1. 
   Answer the questions:
   

1. 
   Who was the first physicist to describe the first machine for producing an electric charge?
   
2. 
   What was the name of the first scientist who made clear the two different types of electric charge?
   
3. 
   What is the British chemist Joseph Priesley is famous for?
   
4. 
   What kids of an experiment related to electric current did Italian physicists Luigi Galvani and Allesandro Volta conduct?
   
5. 
   Does the magnetic field exist around the electric current?
   
6. 
   Who proved the fact of the magnetic field’s existence around the current?
   
7. 
   Do electric circuits obey the law of the conservation of energy?
   
8. 
   Who proved that the electricity is a form of energy?
   

2. 
   Find English equivalents in the text:
   

1. 
   электрический заряд;
   
2. 
   два различных типа;
   
3. 
   положительный;  отрицательный;
   
4. 
   атмосферное электричество;
   
5. 
   молния;
   
6. 
   электростатический заряд;
   
7. 
   распределять;
   
8. 
   измерять;
   
9. 
   наблюдения;
   
10. 
    теория электрических линий;
    
11. 
    искусственный;
    
12. 
    электрохимический источник;
    
13. 
    электрические волны;
    
14. 
    основа современной электрической теории.
    

15. 
    
    

3. 
   Match the following terms to appropriate definitions:
   

1. 
   electricity
   
2. 
   electric current
   
3. 
   electric charge
   
4. 
   magnetic field
   
5. 
   electron
   
6. 
   electromagnetic wave
   
7. 
   energy
   
8. 
   electric circuit
   
9. 
   coil
   
10. 
    electric battery
    

1. 
   a form of energy that can be produced in several ways and that provides power to devices;
   
2. 
   a path in which electrons from a voltage or current source flow;
   
3. 
   an amount of electricity that is held in or carried by something;
   
4. 
   a device that produces electricity; may have several primary or secondary cells;
   
5. 
   a stream of charged particles, such as electrons or ions;
   
6. 
   a wave of energy propagated in an electromagnetic field;
   
7. 
   an extremely small piece of matter with a negative electrical charge;
   
8. 
   a series of connected spirals;
   
9. 
   a vector field that describes the magnetic influence on moving electric charges;
   
10. 
    the power and ability to be physically and mentally active.
    

THE CONCEPT OF ELECTRICAL CURRENT FLOW

In the beginning of the 17^th century Sir William Gilbert discovered that many substances could be electrified by friction. Gilbert named this effect «electric» after the world «electron» - the Greek name for amber. In 1756 the great Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov was the first to make theoretical analysis of electrical phenomena.

At present the nature of electrification is explanted by the electron theory. According to the modern theory all matter is composed of atoms or tiny particles. There are many kinds of atoms. Each atom consists of a nucleus, a small positively charged mass and a number of lighter negatively charged particles called electrons, which revolve around the nucleus. Normally each atom of a substance is electrically neutral, or it has equal amounts of negative and positive charges, i.e. produces no electrical effects. If the number of negative charges is not equal to the number of positive charges, the matter will produce electrical effects.

When an electric charge is at rest it is spoken of as static electricity, but when it is in motion it is referred to as an electric current. In most cases, an electric current is described as a flow of electric charges along a conductor.

Not all substances are good conductors of electricity, as a general rule metals are good conductors of electricity, whereas nonmetals are poor conductors. The poorest of conductors are commonly called insulators or nonconductors. There are a large number of substances that are neither good conductors of electricity nor good insulators. These substances are called semi-conductors. An electric current which flows in the same direction through a conductor or a current which does not change its polarity is called a direct current or a continuous current. Its abbreviation is DC An alternating current (AC) flows first in one direction and then in the other.

An electric circuit is a path through which an electric current flows. This is a complete path along which electrons can transmit their charges. An electric circuit includes a battery, generator, or magnetic means for producting current flow. Some portion of the circuit is made to do useful work.

The circuit is said to be open when no charges can move due to a break in the path. The circuit is said to be closed when no break exists-when switches are closed and all connections are properly made.

Special symbols are used to show electrical systems. There is a wide range of special symbols which are used when we draw circuits.

1) insulator – изолятор;

2) substance – вещество, материя;

3) friction – трение, сцепление;

4) nucleus – ядро, ячейка;

5) amount – сумма, количество;

6) charge – заряд, загрузка;

7) rest – покой, отдых;

8) motion – движение;

9) flow – поток, течение;

10) circuit – цепь, кругооборот;

11) current – течение, ток;

12) path – путь, дорожка, линия;

13) break – прорыв, интервал, перелом;

14) to discover – открывать;

15) to make – делать;

16) to explain – объяснять;

17) to consist – состоять из;

18) to revolve – вращаться;

19) to produce – производить;

20) to transmit – передавать;

21) to include – включать;

22) to exist – существовать;

23) to use – использовать;

24) tiny – маленький, крошечный;

25) light – легкий, светлый;

26) equal – равный;

27) poor – бедный, слабый;

28) continuous – непрерывный, постоянный;

29) wide – широкий;

30) alternating – переменный.

1. 
   Find these phrases in the text and translate them:
   

1. 
   static electricity;
   
2. 
   electric current;
   
3. 
   direct current;
   
4. 
   alternating current;
   
5. 
   electric circuit;
   
6. 
   an open circuit;
   
7. 
   a closed circuit;
   
8. 
   an electrical phenomenon;
   
9. 
   an electron theory;
   
10. 
    positive charges;
    
11. 
    negative charges;
    
12. 
    conductors of electricity;
    
13. 
    special symbols.
    

2. 
   Translate the following phrases into Russian:
   

1. 
   The capacity to absorb heat varies between substances.
   
2. 
   Each object in nature has a particular temperature which can be compared with the temperature of other objects.
   
3. 
   To make this comparison accurate thermometer is used.
   
4. 
   Each atom is known to have a name and symbol.
   
5. 
   To know the melting point of the metal in use is necessary.
   
6. 
   I consider him to be the best qualified person in the laboratory.
   
7. 
   Whenever the speed or velocity of a body changes, the body is said to have acceleration.
   
8. 
   Laws and theories are formulated from the results of the experiments and then used to predict the results of new experiments
   

3. 
   Answer the following questions:
   

1. 
   Who discovered that many substances can be electrified by friction?
   
2. 
   What does electron theory explain?
   
3. 
   What does each atom consist of?
   
4. 
   How can electric current be described?
   
5. 
   Which substances are good conductors and which are poor?
   
6. 
   How are the poorest conductors called?
   
7. 
   What do DC and AC mean?
   
8. 
   What is an electric circuit?
   
9. 
   What are special symbols used for?
   

KINDS OF CIRCUITS

Read the text:

Circuits can be divided into four classes: series, parallel, combination of series – parallel and network.

Series circuits are those having only one closed path for the flow of electricity. All the elements or devices which make up the circuit are connected in tandem, one after the other, so that the end of one is connected to the beginning of the other; or, in other words, the positive terminal is connected to the negative terminal of another. If the series circuit is open anywhere, the current will not flow through the circuit.

A parallel circuit is one divided into two or more branches, each branch carrying part of the current. Another way of saying the same thing is that all elements or devices are connected so that one half of terminals are fastened to a common point or a common conductor, and the other half are fastened to another common point, or another conductor.

1. 
   Translate the following words and word combinations:
   

1. 
   series circuits;
   
2. 
   parallel circuits;
   
3. 
   combination of series – parallel;
   
4. 
   network;
   
5. 
   can be divided into;
   
6. 
   the flow of electricity;
   
7. 
   to be connected in tandem;
   
8. 
   the positive terminal;
   
9. 
   the negative terminal;
   
10. 
    to be opened anywhere.
    

2. 
   Choose the correct variant:
   

1. 
   Series circuits have (one, several, two) closed path for the flow of electricity.
   
2. 
   The positive terminal is connected to the (positive, negative) terminal of another.
   
3. 
   A parallel circuit is a circuit divided into branches, (one, several, each) of them carrying part of the current.
   
4. 
   Circuits are divided into (two, five, four) classes.
   

3. 
   Answer the following questions:
   

1. 
   How many classes are circuits divided into?
   
2. 
   What are these classes?
   
3. 
   What are series circuits?
   
4. 
   What are parallel circuits?
   

4. 
   Make the sentences:
   

1. 
   Circuits, divided, four, into, are, classes.
   
2. 
   Circuits, have, series, one, for closed, electricity, path.
   
3. 
   A, circuit, divided, parallel, is, two, into, more, or, branches.
   

5. 
   Copy the text into your notebook and then translate it in the written form.
   

SEMICONDUCTORS

Read and translate the text:

There are materials that really occupy a place between the conductors of the electric current and the non-conductors. They are called semiconductors. These materials conduct electricity less readily than conductors but much better than insulators.

Semiconductors include almost all minerals, many chemical elements, a great variety of chemical compounds, alloys of metals, and a number of organic compounds. Like metals, they conduct electricity but they do it less effectively. In metals all electrons are free and in insulators they are fixed. In semiconductors electrons are fixed, too, but the connection is so weak that the heat motion of the atoms of a body easily pulls them away and sets them free.

Minerals and crystals appear to possess some unexpected properties. It is well known that their conductivity increases with heating and falls with cooling. As a semiconductor is heated, free electrons in it increase in number, hence, its conductivity increases as well.

Heat is by no means the only phenomenon influencing semiconductors. They are sensitive to light, too. Take germanium as an example. Its electrical properties may greatly change when it is exposed to light. With the help of a ray of light directed at a semiconductor, we can start or stop various machines, effect remote control, and perform lots of other useful things. Just as they are influenced by falling light, semiconductors are also influenced by all radiation.

Generally speaking, they are so sensitive that a heated object can be detected by its radiation.

Such dependence of conductivity on heat and light has opened up great possibilities for various uses of semiconductors. The semiconductor devices are applied for transmission of signals, for automatic control of a variety of processes, for switching on engines, for the reproduction of sound, protection of high-voltage transmission lines, speeding up of some chemical reactions, and so on. On the one hand they may be used to transform light and heat energy directly into electric energy without any complex mechanism with moving parts, and on the other hand, they are capable of generating heat or cold from electricity.

Russian engineers and scientists turned their attention to semiconductors many years ago. They saw in them a means of solving an old engineering problem, namely, that of direct conversion of heat into electricity without boilers or machines. Semiconductor thermocouples created in Russia convert heat directly into electricity just as a complex system consisting of a steam boiler, a steam engine and a generator does it.
1. Give the English equivalents for the words and word combinations below