However, this does not mean that there would be no influence. The possible results, for example, on medicine are fascinating. And, well, it is difficult to predict what will happen in the future-technologies are improving all the time and I would not be surprised if in 10 years` time things that now we cannot imagine would become common and familiar.

Still, we should not forget about the problems that were left to us by the 20 century. The ecological situation is rather serious and globalization has led to some cultural misunderstandings between different nations. However, these problems can be solved if all the humankind would not only realize the importance of these problems but would do something about it as well.

To sum it up, we have lot things to do in the 21 century-from learning todeal with each other to exploring new scientific frontiers. So, what waits for us in the 21 century? Well, that depends on us!

Вариант 3.

Задание 1.Вставьте модальные глаголы tо havetoили tobeto.

1. Where ... the lecture to take place? — I suppose in the assembly hall. 2. So, our plan is as follows: I ... to go to the library and bring the books. You ... to look through all the material here. Later we ... to work together. 3. "You ... to do it alone, without anybody's help," she said sternly. 4. I ... to help my friends with this work now, so I cannot go with you. 5. It was raining hard and we ... to wait until it stopped raining. 6. 1 ... to ask him about it tomorrow, as today he has already gone. 7. Why didn't you tell me that I ... to buy the books? 8. According to the order of the school­mistress all the pupils ... to return the library books before the twenty-third of May. 9. As we had agreed before, we ... to meet at two o'clock to go to the stadium together. But Mike did not come. I waited for another half-hour, but then I ... to leave as I was afraid to be late. 10. The meeting ... to begin at five o'clock. Don't be late.

Задание 2. Переведите письменно названия профессий и занятий.

1. Engineer. 2. Farmer. 3. Manager. 4. Teacher. 5. Journalist. 6. Architect. 7. Bank clerk. 8. Driver. 9. Police officer. 10. Enginee. 11. Accountant. 12. Salesman/woman. 13.Postman. 14.Builder. 15.Businessman. 16.Unemployed. 17.Doctor. 18.Nurse.

Задание 3. Переведите письменно названия предприятий и организаций.

1. Factor. 2. Plant. 3. Works. 4. Mill. 5. Enterprise. 6. Educational institution. 7. Private enterprise. 8. Department store. 9. Design bureau. 10. Bank. 11. Police office. 12. Tour agency. 13. Shop. 14. Farm. 15. Construction works. 16. Newspaper. 17. Hospital. 18. Post office.

 READING

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Globalization.

Globalization is something than we can’t see but we can feel the effects of it. It’s a process of interaction among the people, companies and governments of different countries. We can feel globalization almost everywhere nowadays. People eat American fast-food, wear Italian shoes and Mexican shirts, drive Japanese cars and listen to Korean music. Generally speaking, globalization is a blend of cultures. Some people think that it’s a new process. In fact, globalization existed even during Middle Ages, when people decided to trade goods with merchants from distant countries. Since 1980, it has begun to move at a faster pace. Today globalization is at its peak. There are, of course, some advantages and disadvantages of this process. The best thing is that people can buy and sell whatever they want from every corner of our planet. Internet has made it easier. People enjoy the variety of choice and prices. Globalization also gives an opportunity to learn more about culture of other nations. Countries focus on what they can do better instead of making bad-quality products. For example, Belgium is good at agriculture and producing fine chocolate but it doesn’t produce cars. Thus, they can buy cars from Germany or France. Another advantage of globalization is the growth of international companies. They can open affiliates in different countries and create additional workplace for local people. The first issue on the list of disadvantages that globalization has brought is the pollution of the environment. The building of new harmful factories has resulted into considerable environmental problems. Another disadvantage is the fact that globalization gradually destroys cultural identity. It’s especially obvious when European people try to impose their traditions and customs on Asian nations. And last but not the least: domestic producers also suffer. They find it difficult to sell their produce when people buy everything on international market.

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Вариант 4.

Задание 1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя голы в требующейся форме.

1. I should be delighted if I (to have) such a beautiful fur-coat. 2. If it (to rain), we shall have to stay, at home. 3. If he (to work) hard, he would have achieved great progress. 4, If it is not too cold, I (not to put) on my coat. 5. I (to write) the composition long ago if you had not disturbed me. 6. If he (not to read) so much, he would not be so clever. 7. If my friend (to be) at home, he will tell us what to do. 8. If he were not such an outstanding actor, he (not to have) so many admirers. 9. If you (to give) me your address, I shall write you a letter 10. If she (not to be) so absent-minded, she would be a much better student. 11. If my sister does not go to the South, we (to spend) the summer in St Petersburg together. 12. If they (not to go) to Moscow last year, they would not have heard that famous musician.

Задание 2. Переведите письменно названия профессий и занятий.

1. Turner. 2. Tailor. 3. Waiter/waitress. 4. Accountant. 5. Salesman/woman. 6. Farmer. 7. Manager. 8. Architect. 9. Bank clerk. 10. Driver. 11. Police officer. 12. Engineer. 13. Postman. 14. Builder. 15. Businessman. 16. Doctor. 17. Nurse.

Задание 3. Переведите письменно названия предприятий и организаций.

1. Educational institution. 2. Police office. 3. Private enterprise. 4. Factory. 5. Mill. 6. Enterprise. 7. Department store. 8. Newspaper. 9. Hospital. 10. Design bureau. 11. Plant. 12. Shop. 13. Farm. 14. Works. 15. Construction works. 16. Post office.

 READING

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Global Problems of Mankind .

Global problems are those which affect not only one individual but the whole mankind. They can’t be solved in one day and require organized efforts from the world community. If people leave these problems unsettled, it may lead to serious consequences in the future. It will affect all humanity and environment. All in all, global problems are the following: environmental pollution, climate change, resource issues, overpopulation, nuclear weapons and some others. Speaking about pollution, I’d like to mention the Chernobyl disaster, which was the result of reckless economic activities. At the moment, many forests and rivers are also endangered due to careless attitude. In the 21st century our world faces one of the most urgent problems – the climate change. The earth is warming up. As a result some species and their habitats suffer. Recent years have shown increasing temperatures in some regions and extreme weather conditions, including hurricanes, earthquakes, and tsunamis. The shortage of resources is another pressing issue. Natural resources are limited and we can’t use them carelessly. The increasing number of factories is the root of this problem. The world’s population will soon reach an intolerable level and this will lead to the shortage of resources as well. To avoid the catastrophe this growth must be stopped. Many environmental and social problems are the result of overpopulation. Nuclear weapon is one of the most terrifying global problems. The use of such weapon is against any international law. Apart from nuclear there is also chemical weapon and biological. Another threatening problem nowadays is terrorism. It endangers life of every person on the earth.

Вариант 5.

Задание 1. Раскройте скобки, выбирая требующееся время глагола.

1. 
   Не said he (is staying, was staying) at the "Ritz" Hotel. 2. They realized that they (lost, had lost) their way in the dark. 3. He asked me where I (study, studied). 4. I thought that I (shall finish, should finish) my work at that time. 5 He says he (works, worked) at school two years ago. 6. Victor said he (is, was) very busy. 8. My friend asked me who (is playing, was playing) the piano in the sitting-room. 9. He said he (will come, would come) to the station to see me off. 10. I was sure he (posted, had posted) the letter. 11. I think the weather (will be, would be) fine next week. I hope it (will not change, would not change) for the worse. 12. I knew that he (is, was) a very clever man. 13.1 want to know what he (has bought, had bought) for her birthday. 14. I asked my sister to tell me what she (has seen, had seen) at the museum.
   

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Задание2. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. We have ... large ... family. 2. My granny often tells us ... long ... interesting .. stories. 3. My ... father is ... engineer. He works at ... factory. ... factory is large. 4. My ... mother is ... doctor. She works at ... large ... hospital. She is at ... work now. 5. My ... aunt is ... teacher. She works at ... school. ... school is good. My ... aunt is not at ... school now. She is at ... home. She is drinking ... tea and eating ... jam. ... jam is sweet. I am at ... home, too. I am drinking ... tea and eating ... sandwich. ... sandwich is tasty. 6. My sister is at ... school. She is ... pupil.

 READING

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Inventions.

Over the years scientists have invented a great number of things, which we now use in everyday life, for example, computers, printing machines, telephones, radio, television, automobiles, photography, electricity, steam engine, planes etc. One of the most useful and handy devices today is the computer. It is a comparatively new invention, which came into use in the 20th century. However, the form of computer was designed already in the mid- 1830s by the British mathematician Charles Babbage. Today, people simply can’t imagine their lives without computers. There is a whole generation which has grown up with calculators, computer games, word processor, Internet and else. Another vital device is the TV. This invention has truly changed the leisure habits of millions of people worldwide. Television was pioneered in the 1920s by Scottish electrical engineer John Logie Baird. He was the first to realize that light could be converted into electrical impulses, which are then transmitted over a distance. Electricity, perhaps, is even more important. We wouldn’t be able to use computers and TVs without it. The invention of electricity dates back to the 19th century and is connected with such renowned names as Michael Faraday, Alessandro Volta, Humphry Davy and Andre Marie Ampere. For the invention of telephones we should be grateful to Alexander Graham Bell. He is an Edinburgh-born scientist who patented the invention of telephone in 1876. A year later a great American scientist Thomas Edison produced the first working telephone. The invention of different types of transport has also changed the world, for example, airplanes and motor cars. Planes have brought distant lands within easy reach of ordinary people. American-born Wright brothers were the first to make the flight in 1903. The first petrol-driven car was produced in 1885 by the German engineer Carl Benz. Whether we like them or not, cars have given people great freedom of travel.

Вариант 6.

Задание 1. Переведите письменно названия профессий и занятий.

1. Engineer. 2. Farmer. 3. Manager. 4. Teacher. 5. Journalist. 6. Architect. 7. Bank clerk. 8. Driver. 9. Police officer. 10. Enginee. 11. Accountant. 12. Salesman/woman. 13.Postman. 14.Builder. 15.Businessman. 16.Unemployed. 17.Doctor. 18.Nurse.

Задание 2. Переведите письменно названия предприятий и организаций.

1. Factor. 2. Plant. 3. Works. 4. Mill. 5. Enterprise. 6. Educational institution. 7. Private enterprise. 8. Department store. 9. Design bureau. 10. Bank. 11. Police office. 12. Tour agency. 13. Shop. 14. Farm. 15. Construction works. 16. Newspaper. 17. Hospital. 18. Post office.

Задание 3. Вставьте глагол to be в Present, Past или Future Simple.

1. My father __ a teacher. 2. He __ a pupil twen­ty years ago. 3 I.__ a doctor when I grow up. 4. My sister __ not __ at home tomorrow. 5. She __ at school tomorrow. 6. __ you __ at home tomorrow? 7. __ your father at work yesterday? 8. My sister __ ill last week. 9. She __ not ill now. 10. Yesterday we __ at the theatre. 11. Where __ your mother now? — She __ in the kitchen. 12. Where __ you yesterday? — I __ at the cinema. 13. When I come home tomorrow, all my family __ at home. 14. __ your little sister in bed now? — Yes, she __ 15. __ you __ at school tomorrow? — Yes I __ . 16. When my granny __ young, she __ an actress. 17. My friend K. __. in Moscow now. 18. He __ in St. Petersburg tomorrow. 19. Where __ your books now? - They __ in my bag.

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 READING

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The Internet in our lives.

Lately computers have filled our life. Now they are almost in each family. We have got used to them and we do not imagine our leisure without this miracle-machine.

With the help of computers the Internet has entered into our life. It became an integral part of a life of each person. Now people cannot live a day without checking of mail and visiting their favourite sites. The Internet is not only the assistant in daily work, it is also the other world in which there are mail boxes, libraries, photo galleries, games, shops. By means of the Internet people can travel to different cities, visit tourist places, communicate with people.

Recently many people ask a question: " Is the Internet harmful or useful? ". I think, that on this question there is no certain answer. In fact on the one hand the Internet is a very good and useful thing. And on the other hand it has many negative functions: dependence, the waste of time, money, health.

Certainly, the Internet can be the excellent assistant in information search. But if we spend a lot of time on the Internet we`ll have some problems. We lose a touch with the real world, get in a full dependence on a computer. I think, that it is important to learn to distinguish a side between a real life and a life on the Internet. For that it is necessary to understand, what is really important on the Internet and what is not . And then the Internet will be not the terrible enemy, but the indispensable assistant.

Вариант 7.

Задание 1. Переведите письменно названия профессий и занятий.

1. Plumber. 2. Operator. 3. Top manager. 4. Engineer. 5. Designer. 6. Farmer. 7. Manager. 8. Journalist. 9. Pilot. 10. Bank clerk. 11. Driver. 12. Police officer. 13. Accountant. 14. Salesman/woman. 15. Postman. 16. Builder. 17. Politician.

Задание 2. Переведите письменно названия предприятий и организаций.

1. Tour agency. 2. Shop. 3. Farm. 4. Construction works. 5. Factory. 6. Educational institution. 7. Plant. 8. Works. 9. Mill. 10. Private enterprise. 11. Department store. 12. Design bureau. 13. Bank. 14. Police office. 15. Newspaper. 16. Hospital. 17. Post office.

Задание 3. Разделите существительные на исчисляемые и неисчисляемые и запишите в два столбика.

Book, cup, dust, flour, flower, happiness, knowledge, love, milk, meat, mountain, music, oil, piano, rain, river, snow, song, table, wall, computer, water, bread, pen, pan, apple, sand, juice, ball, cream, sofa, window, lamp, ice cream, wish.

 READING

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Technological progress.

The 21 century has begun. But our life, however, does not seem to have changed in comparacement with the 20 century. We are not living on Mars or exploring new galaxies though many writers of the 20 century predicted that. We are still cooking our meal ourselves instead of using the help of robots and spend hours travelling from one place to another though according to the predictions we were supposed to do this in several seconds. So has our life changed at all?

It seems - no. But let us look on some examples. Who could imagine the role of the computers in the modern world even 30 years ago? Sci-fi writers told us about the probable usage of the computers in science but, I believe, nobody really thought that a computer would become an absolutely necessary thing in our everyday life-a workspace and an entertainer in one thing. And what about the revolution in communications which has been happening for the last 10 years? I mean the mobile phones and the Internet. It seems it was quite recently when a telephone at home was the only way to talk with somebody far away from you and still many people preferred to write letters and then the waiting for the response could last for months sometimes. Now everything is quite different. You can get in touch with your friend from nearly any place of the Earth with the help of the mobile phone and the response on your letter arrives the next second it was sent. And these are the most obvious changes which influenced our lives. I do not mention the latest researches in biology such as the decoding of human genome which was finished in the very beginning if the 21 century or in chemistry and physics which led to the opening of a new frontier-nanotechnologies. We do not pay attention to these facts-but probably just because they have not influenced our life yet.

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However, this does not mean that there would be no influence. The possible results, for example, on medicine are fascinating. And, well, it is difficult to predict what will happen in the future-technologies are improving all the time and I would not be surprised if in 10 years` time things that now we cannot imagine would become common and familiar.

Still, we should not forget about the problems that were left to us by the 20 century. The ecological situation is rather serious and globalization has led to some cultural misunderstandings between different nations. However, these problems can be solved if all the humankind would not only realize the importance of these problems but would do something about it as well.

To sum it up, we have lot things to do in the 21 century-from learning todeal with each other to exploring new scientific frontiers. So, what waits for us in the 21 century? Well, that depends on us!

Вариант 8.

Задание 1.Вставьте модальные глаголы tо havetoили tobeto.

1. Where ... the lecture to take place? — I suppose in the assembly hall. 2. So, our plan is as follows: I ... to go to the library and bring the books. You ... to look through all the material here. Later we ... to work together. 3. "You ... to do it alone, without anybody's help," she said sternly. 4. I ... to help my friends with this work now, so I cannot go with you. 5. It was raining hard and we ... to wait until it stopped raining. 6. 1 ... to ask him about it tomorrow, as today he has already gone. 7. Why didn't you tell me that I ... to buy the books? 8. According to the order of the school­mistress all the pupils ... to return the library books before the twenty-third of May. 9. As we had agreed before, we ... to meet at two o'clock to go to the stadium together. But Mike did not come. I waited for another half-hour, but then I ... to leave as I was afraid to be late. 10. The meeting ... to begin at five o'clock. Don't be late.

Задание 2. Переведите письменно названия профессий и занятий.

1. Engineer. 2. Farmer. 3. Manager. 4. Teacher. 5. Journalist. 6. Architect. 7. Bank clerk. 8. Driver. 9. Police officer. 10. Enginee. 11. Accountant. 12. Salesman/woman. 13.Postman. 14.Builder. 15.Businessman. 16.Unemployed. 17.Doctor. 18.Nurse.

Задание 3. Переведите письменно названия предприятий и организаций.

1. Factor. 2. Plant. 3. Works. 4. Mill. 5. Enterprise. 6. Educational institution. 7. Private enterprise. 8. Department store. 9. Design bureau. 10. Bank. 11. Police office. 12. Tour agency. 13. Shop. 14. Farm. 15. Construction works. 16. Newspaper. 17. Hospital. 18. Post office.

 READING

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Globalization.

Globalization is something than we can’t see but we can feel the effects of it. It’s a process of interaction among the people, companies and governments of different countries. We can feel globalization almost everywhere nowadays. People eat American fast-food, wear Italian shoes and Mexican shirts, drive Japanese cars and listen to Korean music. Generally speaking, globalization is a blend of cultures. Some people think that it’s a new process. In fact, globalization existed even during Middle Ages, when people decided to trade goods with merchants from distant countries. Since 1980, it has begun to move at a faster pace. Today globalization is at its peak. There are, of course, some advantages and disadvantages of this process. The best thing is that people can buy and sell whatever they want from every corner of our planet. Internet has made it easier. People enjoy the variety of choice and prices. Globalization also gives an opportunity to learn more about culture of other nations. Countries focus on what they can do better instead of making bad-quality products. For example, Belgium is good at agriculture and producing fine chocolate but it doesn’t produce cars. Thus, they can buy cars from Germany or France. Another advantage of globalization is the growth of international companies. They can open affiliates in different countries and create additional workplace for local people. The first issue on the list of disadvantages that globalization has brought is the pollution of the environment. The building of new harmful factories has resulted into considerable environmental problems. Another disadvantage is the fact that globalization gradually destroys cultural identity. It’s especially obvious when European people try to impose their traditions and customs on Asian nations. And last but not the least: domestic producers also suffer. They find it difficult to sell their produce when people buy everything on international market.

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