Файл: Методичні вказівки з розвитку комунікативної компетенції студентів з предмету Англійська мова за професійним спрямуванням.doc
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interface — інтерфейс, адаптер
obsolete — непотрібний, який вийшов із ужитку; старий
to deploy — використовувати, уживати; розгортати
email accounts — облікові записи електронної пошти
quantum mechanics — квантова механіка
instantaneous — миттєвий; негайний browser — обч. броузер, браузер, вікно перегляду; програма перегляду
broadband connection — виділене підключення
dial-up — вилучений доступ до мережі
to type — друкувати, надрукувати
search-program — програма-розвідник
site — сайт
to solve — вирішувати, дозволяти; знаходити вихід
to match — підходити, відповідати
query — запит, питання
to provide — постачати: доставляти; забезпечувати
3. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the Internet?
2. What are servers?
3. When did public Internet appear?
4. What was the most popular mail interface used in 70s?
5. What kind of browsers do you know?
6. How can we find information in the Internet?
7. Is it cheaper to use the Internet mail service instead of ordinary post office?
8. What search programs do you know?
Lesson 4-5
1. Read and translate the text:
THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET
It is estimated that thirty five to forty millions users currently are on the Internet. According to a recent statistics, an average Internet call lasts five times as longer as the average regular telephone call. 10 percent of the Internet calls last 6 hours or longer. This can cause an overload and, in turn, cause telephone network to fail. The local network was designed for short calls which you make and then hang up, but Internet calls often occupy a line for hours. With so many users in the Internet and their number is growing by 200 percent annually, it certainly provides new challenges for the telephone companies. The Internet, up to the beginning of the 90s, was used only to read a different texts. Then in the early 90's, a way was made to see pictures and listen to a sound on the Internet. This break through made the Internet to be most demanded means of communication, data saving and transporting.
However, today's net is much more than just pictures, text and sound. The Internet is now filled with voice messages, video conferencing and video games. With voice massages, users can talk over the Internet for the price of the local phone call.
Nowadays we no longer have to own a computer to access the Internet. Now, devices such as Web TV allow our television to browse the Web and use Electronic Mail. Cellular phones are now also dialing up the Internet to provide e-mail and answering machine services. The telephone network was not designed and built to handle these sorts of things. Many telephone companies are spending enormous amounts of money to upgrade the telephone lines.
K. Kao and G. Hockman were the first to come up with the idea of using fiber optic cables, as opposed to copper wire, to carry telephone signals. Fiber optics uses pulses of light to transmit binary code, such as that used in computers and other electronic devices. As a result the amount of bandwidth is incredibly raised. Another solution for the problem is fast modems which satisfy the need for speed.
By accessing the Net through the coaxial cable that provides television to our homes, the speed can be increased 1,000 fold. However, the cable system was built to only send information one way. In other words, they can send stuff to us, but we can't send anything back, if there is no modem available.
Yet another way is being introduced to access the Internet, and that is through the use of a satellite dish just like the TV dishes currently used to deliver television from satellites in space to your home. However, like cable connection, the information can only be sent one way.
Faster ways of connecting to the Internet may sound like a solution to the problem, but, just as new lanes on highways attract more cars, a faster Internet could attract many times more users, making it even slower than before.
To help solve the problem of Internet clogs, Internet providers are trying new ways of pricing for customers. So, in business time any connection to Net cost more than your connection in the night.
In conclusion, I should add that if we want to keep the Internet usable and fairly fast, we must not only improve the telephone lines and means of access, but also be reasonable in usage.
2. Mind the following words and word-combination:
network — мережа
to captivate — полонити
to log on — входити, підключатися
to last — тривати
overload — перевантаження
to grow (past grew, p.p.grown) — рости, збільшуватися
breakthrough — велике досягнення, прорив
voice massage — голосове послання
video conferencing — відео-конференц-зв'язок
web TV — веб-телебачення
to browse — переглядати
cellular phone — стільниковий телефон
to dialing up — набирати номер, дзвонити
answering machine — автовідповідач
to handle — звертатися, мати справу з
amount — кількість
fiber optic cables — оптиковолоконний кабель
opposed — тут замість
binary code — бінарний код, двоїнний код
amount of bandwidth — пропускна здатність
fast modem — швидкий модем
coaxial cable — коаксильний кабель
to increase 1,000 fold — збільшити(ся) у 1000 разів
satellite dish — супутникова тарілка
lane — лінії руху
clog — засмічення, перешкода
customer — клієнт, покупець
business time — бізнес-час
3. Answer the following questions.
1. How many users are currently in the Internet?
2. How long does an average Internet call last?
3. What can cause the overload of the telephone system?
4. What was the main purpose of the Internet up to the 90s?
5. Do we need to have a computer to get access to the Internet today?
6. Who was the first to come up with the idea of using fiber optic cables?
8. What is the alternative way to get access to the Internet today?
Lesson 6
1. Read and translate the text:
Disks and drivers
A. Magnetic storage
Magnetic devices store data magnetically. A disk drive spins the disk at a high speed and reads its data or writes new data onto it.
1. Read A opposite. Choose a term from this word web to complete the sentences below.
Hard disk Access time floppy disk drive
↑
Transfer rate ← Magnetic storage → portable hard drive ↓ ↓
Backup sectors track
1. The first rule of data is to make a ……………………… of all important files.
2. Complete this product description with words: CD, CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD, DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-RW, Portable DVD players, multi-format playback, headphones.
The Panasonic DVD-LS91 is a top-of-the-range ………….., which provides pure entertainment wherever you go.
It has a big 9 inch built-in ………………LCD, so you can really enjoy movies. The built-in stereo speakers allow you to listen along, or if you want to listen alone, just plug in a pair of …………… . This portable machine provides …………. ……………….., so you can play DVD Audio\ Video, CD-R\RW, DVD-RAM, DivX and MP3 files. Its compact design features a built-in rechargeable 6 hour battery pack.
The DVD-LS91 allows 6 hours of playback, provides a perfect way to entertain yourself and your kids during long trips.
3. Which device or format would be more suitable for storing these things?
1. the operating system and the programs on the home computer
2. an electronic encyclopedia for children
3. a movie in digital format
4. The music tracks by your favourite artist
5. all the files generated by a company in one day
6. the photos taken with a digital camera.
Lesson 7
1. Read and translate the text:
Computers and work
A. Jobs in computing
Most ICT-related jobs have developed to meet the need to analyze, design, develop, manage or support computer software, hardware or networks.
All the people involved in the different stages of development of a computer project, i.e. analysts, programmers, support specialists, etc. are controlled by a project manager.
Analyze
A database analyst is in charge of the research and development of databases, network analysts study the network requirements and recommend the most suitable type of network; system analysts decide what ICT system will cater for the requirements of a specific institution.
Design and Develop
Web designers, also called webmasters, create and maintain web pages and web applications for websites.
Software engineers, either application programmers or system programmers, plan design, and test computer programs.
Hardware engineers design and develop ICT devices.
Security specialists specialize in the design of software and hardware to protect information from malware: viruses, spyware, etc.
Manage
Network or computer systems administrators install and maintain networks.
Database administrators manage the accuracy and efficiency of databases.
Support
Computer operators control computer data processing.
Help desk technicians are in charge of troubleshooting, the solution of technical problems.
Computer training instructors or trainers teach people how to use hardware and software.
Technical writers write the instructions for ICT systems.
Analyze design\develop manage support
a…………..b…………c…………..d……….e…………f………g………..h……..
A technical designer controls all the operations and people in project.
A project writer writes documentation of a program or device.
A web specialist plans and keeps websites updated.
A security manager designs applications against viruses.
3. What jobs in A opposite are being offered in these advertisements?
1. We are seeking a person to operate peripheral computer equipment, and perform report distribution duties and backup procedures on our servers.
Major Responsibilities:
2. The successful candidate will be responsible for maintaining logical and physical database models as well as managing the database.
Job Requirements:
3. Answer the following questions:
Lesson 8
1. Read and translate the text:
Generations of Computers.
There are two main types of computers, analog and digital, although the term computer is often used to mean only the digital type, because this type of computer is widely used today.
That is why I am going to tell you about digital computers.
Everything that a digital computer does is based on one operation: the ability to determine: on or off, high voltage or low voltage or — in the case of numbers — 0 or 1 or do-called binary code. The speed at which the computer performs this simple act is called computer speed. Computer speeds are measured in Hertz or cycles per second. A computer with a ”clock speed” of 2000 MHz is a fairly representative microcomputer today. It is capable of executing 2000 million discrete operations per second. Nowadays microcomputers can perform from 800 to over 3000 million operations per second and supercomputers used in research and defense applications attain speeds of many billions of cycles per second.
Digital computer speed and calculating power are further enhanced by the amount of data handled during each cycle.
Except two main types of computers, analog and digital there are eight generations of digital computers or processing units. The first generation was represented by processing unit Intel 8086. The second generation central processing unit was represented by processing unit Intel 80286, used in IBM PC AT 286. The third generation is Intel 80386, used in IBM PC AT 386. The microprocessors of the fourth generation were used in computers IBM PC AT 486. There are also central processing units of the fifth generation, used in Intel Pentium 60 and Intel Pentium 66, central processing units of the sixth generation, used in computers Intel Pentium 75, 90, 100 and 133. Few years ago appeared central processing units of seventh and eighth generations. They are much more powerful and can perform from 2000 to over 3000 million operations per second.
2. Mind the following words and word-combination:
electronic device — електронний пристрій
to receive — одержувати, приймати
set of instructions — набір/звід інструкцій
to carry out — виконувати
society
obsolete — непотрібний, який вийшов із ужитку; старий
to deploy — використовувати, уживати; розгортати
email accounts — облікові записи електронної пошти
quantum mechanics — квантова механіка
instantaneous — миттєвий; негайний browser — обч. броузер, браузер, вікно перегляду; програма перегляду
broadband connection — виділене підключення
dial-up — вилучений доступ до мережі
to type — друкувати, надрукувати
search-program — програма-розвідник
site — сайт
to solve — вирішувати, дозволяти; знаходити вихід
to match — підходити, відповідати
query — запит, питання
to provide — постачати: доставляти; забезпечувати
3. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the Internet?
2. What are servers?
3. When did public Internet appear?
4. What was the most popular mail interface used in 70s?
5. What kind of browsers do you know?
6. How can we find information in the Internet?
7. Is it cheaper to use the Internet mail service instead of ordinary post office?
8. What search programs do you know?
Lesson 4-5
1. Read and translate the text:
THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET
It is estimated that thirty five to forty millions users currently are on the Internet. According to a recent statistics, an average Internet call lasts five times as longer as the average regular telephone call. 10 percent of the Internet calls last 6 hours or longer. This can cause an overload and, in turn, cause telephone network to fail. The local network was designed for short calls which you make and then hang up, but Internet calls often occupy a line for hours. With so many users in the Internet and their number is growing by 200 percent annually, it certainly provides new challenges for the telephone companies. The Internet, up to the beginning of the 90s, was used only to read a different texts. Then in the early 90's, a way was made to see pictures and listen to a sound on the Internet. This break through made the Internet to be most demanded means of communication, data saving and transporting.
However, today's net is much more than just pictures, text and sound. The Internet is now filled with voice messages, video conferencing and video games. With voice massages, users can talk over the Internet for the price of the local phone call.
Nowadays we no longer have to own a computer to access the Internet. Now, devices such as Web TV allow our television to browse the Web and use Electronic Mail. Cellular phones are now also dialing up the Internet to provide e-mail and answering machine services. The telephone network was not designed and built to handle these sorts of things. Many telephone companies are spending enormous amounts of money to upgrade the telephone lines.
K. Kao and G. Hockman were the first to come up with the idea of using fiber optic cables, as opposed to copper wire, to carry telephone signals. Fiber optics uses pulses of light to transmit binary code, such as that used in computers and other electronic devices. As a result the amount of bandwidth is incredibly raised. Another solution for the problem is fast modems which satisfy the need for speed.
By accessing the Net through the coaxial cable that provides television to our homes, the speed can be increased 1,000 fold. However, the cable system was built to only send information one way. In other words, they can send stuff to us, but we can't send anything back, if there is no modem available.
Yet another way is being introduced to access the Internet, and that is through the use of a satellite dish just like the TV dishes currently used to deliver television from satellites in space to your home. However, like cable connection, the information can only be sent one way.
Faster ways of connecting to the Internet may sound like a solution to the problem, but, just as new lanes on highways attract more cars, a faster Internet could attract many times more users, making it even slower than before.
To help solve the problem of Internet clogs, Internet providers are trying new ways of pricing for customers. So, in business time any connection to Net cost more than your connection in the night.
In conclusion, I should add that if we want to keep the Internet usable and fairly fast, we must not only improve the telephone lines and means of access, but also be reasonable in usage.
2. Mind the following words and word-combination:
network — мережа
to captivate — полонити
to log on — входити, підключатися
to last — тривати
overload — перевантаження
to grow (past grew, p.p.grown) — рости, збільшуватися
breakthrough — велике досягнення, прорив
voice massage — голосове послання
video conferencing — відео-конференц-зв'язок
web TV — веб-телебачення
to browse — переглядати
cellular phone — стільниковий телефон
to dialing up — набирати номер, дзвонити
answering machine — автовідповідач
to handle — звертатися, мати справу з
amount — кількість
fiber optic cables — оптиковолоконний кабель
opposed — тут замість
binary code — бінарний код, двоїнний код
amount of bandwidth — пропускна здатність
fast modem — швидкий модем
coaxial cable — коаксильний кабель
to increase 1,000 fold — збільшити(ся) у 1000 разів
satellite dish — супутникова тарілка
lane — лінії руху
clog — засмічення, перешкода
customer — клієнт, покупець
business time — бізнес-час
3. Answer the following questions.
1. How many users are currently in the Internet?
2. How long does an average Internet call last?
3. What can cause the overload of the telephone system?
4. What was the main purpose of the Internet up to the 90s?
5. Do we need to have a computer to get access to the Internet today?
6. Who was the first to come up with the idea of using fiber optic cables?
8. What is the alternative way to get access to the Internet today?
Lesson 6
1. Read and translate the text:
Disks and drivers
A. Magnetic storage
Magnetic devices store data magnetically. A disk drive spins the disk at a high speed and reads its data or writes new data onto it.
-
A floppy disk drive uses 3.5 inch diskettes which can only hold 1.44 MB of data; it’s often called A: drive and is relatively slow. -
Most PCs have one internal hard disk, usually called C: drive, which can hold several gigabytes of data. It’s used to keep the operating system, the programs and the user’s files easily available for use. -
When you format a disk, or prepare it for use, it’s surface is devided into concentic circles called tracks. Each track is further divided into a number of sectors. The computer remembers where information is stored by noting the track and sector numbers in a directory. -
The average time required for the red\white heads to move and find dadt is called access time; it is measured in milliseconds (ms). Don’t confuse “access time” with transfer rate”, the rate of transmission of data from the disk to the CPU (e.g. 15 megabytes per second). -
A portable hard drive is an external unit with the drive mechanism and the media all in one sealed case. You can use it to make a backup, a spare copy of your files, or to transport data between computers.
1. Read A opposite. Choose a term from this word web to complete the sentences below.
Hard disk Access time floppy disk drive
↑
Transfer rate ← Magnetic storage → portable hard drive ↓ ↓
Backup sectors track
1. The first rule of data is to make a ……………………… of all important files.
-
A ……………………. is slower than a hard drive and can only hold 1.44 MB disks. -
The…………………… inside your PC is made of aluminium alloy covered with a magnetic coating. This makes the disk itself a rigid plate, hence its name. -
The …………………… are circles around a disk and the ……………. are segments within each circle. -
This hard drive is a 60 GB IBM model with a fast ……………… of 8 ms. -
The …………………… is the rate of transmission of data from the disk to the CPU. This is usually described in megabytes per second. -
Apple’s iPod music player can double as a ……………. for transporting computer data.
2. Complete this product description with words: CD, CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD, DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-RW, Portable DVD players, multi-format playback, headphones.
The Panasonic DVD-LS91 is a top-of-the-range ………….., which provides pure entertainment wherever you go.
It has a big 9 inch built-in ………………LCD, so you can really enjoy movies. The built-in stereo speakers allow you to listen along, or if you want to listen alone, just plug in a pair of …………… . This portable machine provides …………. ……………….., so you can play DVD Audio\ Video, CD-R\RW, DVD-RAM, DivX and MP3 files. Its compact design features a built-in rechargeable 6 hour battery pack.
The DVD-LS91 allows 6 hours of playback, provides a perfect way to entertain yourself and your kids during long trips.
3. Which device or format would be more suitable for storing these things?
1. the operating system and the programs on the home computer
2. an electronic encyclopedia for children
3. a movie in digital format
4. The music tracks by your favourite artist
5. all the files generated by a company in one day
6. the photos taken with a digital camera.
Lesson 7
1. Read and translate the text:
Computers and work
A. Jobs in computing
Most ICT-related jobs have developed to meet the need to analyze, design, develop, manage or support computer software, hardware or networks.
All the people involved in the different stages of development of a computer project, i.e. analysts, programmers, support specialists, etc. are controlled by a project manager.
Analyze
A database analyst is in charge of the research and development of databases, network analysts study the network requirements and recommend the most suitable type of network; system analysts decide what ICT system will cater for the requirements of a specific institution.
Design and Develop
Web designers, also called webmasters, create and maintain web pages and web applications for websites.
Software engineers, either application programmers or system programmers, plan design, and test computer programs.
Hardware engineers design and develop ICT devices.
Security specialists specialize in the design of software and hardware to protect information from malware: viruses, spyware, etc.
Manage
Network or computer systems administrators install and maintain networks.
Database administrators manage the accuracy and efficiency of databases.
Support
Computer operators control computer data processing.
Help desk technicians are in charge of troubleshooting, the solution of technical problems.
Computer training instructors or trainers teach people how to use hardware and software.
Technical writers write the instructions for ICT systems.
-
Classify these jobs under the heading that best describes their function. They all appear in A opposite.
-
Software engineer
help desk technician
database administrator
Trainer
network analyst
systems analyst
Hardware engineer
network administrator
Analyze design\develop manage support
a…………..b…………c…………..d……….e…………f………g………..h……..
-
Draw lines between the columns to make true sentences about jobs in A opposite.
A technical designer controls all the operations and people in project.
A project writer writes documentation of a program or device.
A web specialist plans and keeps websites updated.
A security manager designs applications against viruses.
3. What jobs in A opposite are being offered in these advertisements?
1. We are seeking a person to operate peripheral computer equipment, and perform report distribution duties and backup procedures on our servers.
Major Responsibilities:
-
Operating printers and unloading reports from the printer and distributing them through the internal mail system. -
Performing backups on various operating systems. -
Analyzing and troubleshooting problems in the Data Centre reported by Help Desks or IT support associates.
2. The successful candidate will be responsible for maintaining logical and physical database models as well as managing the database.
Job Requirements:
-
Bachelor’s degree in Computer Science, a related field or equivalent experience. -
Analytical skills and a proficiency in developing structured logic.
3. Answer the following questions:
-
How have computers changed the way you work or study? -
Make a list of the advantages and disadvantages that teleworking might have for you.
Lesson 8
1. Read and translate the text:
Generations of Computers.
There are two main types of computers, analog and digital, although the term computer is often used to mean only the digital type, because this type of computer is widely used today.
That is why I am going to tell you about digital computers.
Everything that a digital computer does is based on one operation: the ability to determine: on or off, high voltage or low voltage or — in the case of numbers — 0 or 1 or do-called binary code. The speed at which the computer performs this simple act is called computer speed. Computer speeds are measured in Hertz or cycles per second. A computer with a ”clock speed” of 2000 MHz is a fairly representative microcomputer today. It is capable of executing 2000 million discrete operations per second. Nowadays microcomputers can perform from 800 to over 3000 million operations per second and supercomputers used in research and defense applications attain speeds of many billions of cycles per second.
Digital computer speed and calculating power are further enhanced by the amount of data handled during each cycle.
Except two main types of computers, analog and digital there are eight generations of digital computers or processing units. The first generation was represented by processing unit Intel 8086. The second generation central processing unit was represented by processing unit Intel 80286, used in IBM PC AT 286. The third generation is Intel 80386, used in IBM PC AT 386. The microprocessors of the fourth generation were used in computers IBM PC AT 486. There are also central processing units of the fifth generation, used in Intel Pentium 60 and Intel Pentium 66, central processing units of the sixth generation, used in computers Intel Pentium 75, 90, 100 and 133. Few years ago appeared central processing units of seventh and eighth generations. They are much more powerful and can perform from 2000 to over 3000 million operations per second.
2. Mind the following words and word-combination:
electronic device — електронний пристрій
to receive — одержувати, приймати
set of instructions — набір/звід інструкцій
to carry out — виконувати
society