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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Федеральное агентство связи

Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования

«Сибирский государственный университет

телекоммуникаций и информатики»

(ГОУ ВПО «СибГУТИ»)

Н.Н. Клещина

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Практикум

по грамматике, чтению и переводу

с английского языка

Новосибирск

2008

Оглавление

Предисловие………………………………………………………………………05

Unit 1

Текст «The electronic age»…………………………………………………...09

Unit 2

Конструкции as…as, such…as, not so …as…………………………………17

Unit 3

Условные предложения……………………………………………………..76

Значения слова provide……………………………………………………...79

Значения союзов unless, suppose, in case, on condition that, but for……….79

Словообразование. Префиксы. …………………………………………….80

Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood)……………………...85

Сослагательное наклонение после безличных предложений…………….86

Сослагательное наклонение после глагола wish…………………………..88

Конструкции would rather и had better……………………………………...89

Предисловие

Данный практикум предназначен для студентов технических специальностей первого и второго курсов как для аудиторной, так и для самостоятельной работы.

III. Fill in the verbs to be, to have in the right form.

1. The Moon … a natural satellite of the Earth.

2. There ….two kinds of electricity, positive and negative.

3. The second half of the 19th century ….a period of rapid growth of electrical engineering.

4. Our university …old and new buildings.

5. Every faculty …its own computer center.

6. He …a wide experience in his speciality.

7. I…greatly interested in modern technology.

8. Mobile phones ….a great number of users nowadays.

9. In the past messages to and from Europe ….sent by ship.

10. Today the word “electronics” …in general usage.

XIX. Match the words with their definitions.

1. Electronics 6. Device

2. Circuit 7. Transistor

3. Application 8. Sensor

4. Chip 9. Storage

5. Development 10. Invention

a) a piece of equipment that has been designed to do a particular job;

b) a device that can react to light, heat pressure in order to make a machine do something;

c) the branch of science or technology that studies electronic currents in electronic equipment;

d) a very small piece of a material that is used to carry a complicated electronic circuit;

e) the process of keeping information on a computer;

f) the complete path of wires and equipment along which an electric current flows;

g) a thing or an idea that has been invented;

h) a small electronic device used in computers, radios, televisions for controlling an electric current as it passes along a circuit;

i) the practical use of something, especially theory, discovery, etc;.

j) the gradual growth of something so that it becomes more advanced and stronger.

Before the development of transistors, vacuum tubes were the main active components in electronic …………….

5. …………… rapidly transmit TV and radio programs to different towns, cities, and distant areas.

9. The signal is sent over the communication channel from the transmitter to the …………….

1. The advantages of miniature circuits on silicon chips had a profound …………… on the “space race” which began when Russia launched Sputnik in 1957.

2. Along with the increasing circuit complexity there was a doubling in the information processing …………….. of the silicon chip.

4. Semiconductors use such materials as ………….. , silicon and gallium arsenide.

5. The …………. of the water is tested regularly.

6. Gas and oil ……………. always increases in cold weather.

7. The two teams have always been …………... .

8. The .................. of the results depends on the modernization of the equipment.

XIV. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.

XV. Make nouns from the following verbs.

To respond, to amplify, to replace, to compete, to operate, to perform, to form, to grow, to consume, to wide.

XVI. Find synonyms to the following words in the first part of the text.

Competitor, stage, to display, to need, difficult, to remove, feature, strong

XVII. Phrasal verbs: bring and turn. Fill in the correct particle.

XVIII. Make sentences out of two parts.

XIX. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the meanings of highlighted words.

XX. Discussion. In pairs discuss the following questions.

1. Speak about three generations of electronics: valve, transistor and integrated circuit. Give examples.

2. Discuss the following quotation: “Modern science and techniques have taught mankind at least one lesson: Nothing is impossible”. Lewis Mumford (US philosopher).

I. Define the forms of the Infinitives.

II. Comment on the forms and functions of the Infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian.

III. Complete the sentences by using suitable infinitives.

1. This car is designed …

2. The young man works hard …

3. I went abroad …

4. To be up to date means …

5. We have decided …

6. Satellites are used …

7. Amplifier is able …

8. Experiments helped Mendeleev …

9. There are projects …

10. One way to safe our environment is …

IV. Use to before the Infinitives where possible.

V. Complete the sentences using to or for.

VI. Use the right form of the Infinitive in brackets.

VII. Complete the sentences using either too or enough.

1. The river is … polluted to swim.

2. Erica is old … to make her own decisions.

3. The exam was … difficult for me.

4. The hole in the ozone layer means that parts of the earth don′t get … protection from ultraviolet radiation.

5. Materials used for supersonic structure must be strong … to withstand the air resistance at high speeds.

6. This car is … expensive for me to buy.

7. The voice warning system for cars requires the connection of 18 wires, but it is simple … to be installed in a car.

8. The silicon-dioxide layer of transistors is … thin to be a perfect insulator.

9. I′m sorry I could not take your call before; the signal on my phone was … weak.

10. Infrared rays emitted by any object on the road are to be intensive … for sensors to pick them up.

VIII. Make one sentence from two. Complete the new sentence using too or enough.

Example: I can′t buy this computer. It is too expensive for me.

This computer is too expensive for me to buy.

The piano …

The situation …

Some …

4. Light beam of a laser can vaporize the hardest and most heat-resistant materials. It is intensive enough.

Light beam …

The “night vision” system …

IX. Read the text. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.

Electrons in atoms

constituent – составная часть, составляющая

particle – частица

overall – полный, общий, предельный

magnitude – величина, размер

to deflect – отражать

shell – оболочка

abundant – избыточный

minute – крохотный, мелкий, незначительный

thermistor – терморезистор

heat sensor – тепло-чувствительный элемент

to embed – впитывать посторонние смеси, погружать, внедрять

acceptor – акцептор (тип примеси в полупроводнике)

doping – добавление примесей

impurity – примесь

to donate – выпустить

negligible – незначительный

hole – дырка

bond - связь, соединение

X. Find the Infinitives in the text and define their functions.

XI. Read the text again and answer the questions.

XIII. Complete the sentences using the correct variant.

XIV. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.

XV. Connect the words with their definitions.

5. resistance 10. electron

11. hole

a) a very small piece of a substance with a positive electric charge that forms part of the nucleus.

b) a very small piece of a substance with a negative electric charge found in all atoms.

c) a vacancy in the crystal structure of a semiconductor that is able to attract an electron.

d) an element such as boron that is added to silicon to produce a semiconductor with desirable electrical qualities.

e) the central and relatively small part of an atom that is made up of protons and neutrons.

f) a particle in the nucleus of an atom that has no electrical charge and a mass roughly equal to that of the proton.

h) the smallest particle of a chemical element that can exist alone.

i) the outer structure or layer of something.

j) a force that stops something moving or makes it move more slowly.

k) a very small piece of matter, such as an electron or proton, that is part of an atom.

2. The main reason semiconductor materials are so useful is that the behaviour of a semiconductor can be easily manipulated by the addition of impurities, known as…

3. A semiconductor without … is called a natural semiconductor.

4. In a crystal of pure silicon, each of the four outer “valence” electrons forms a covalent bond with an electron from a neighbouring silicon ….

5. The electrons in a model of a silicon structure are arranged in what are known as … surrounding the nucleus.

6. Electrical … is a measure of the ease (or difficulty) with which electrical current is able to flow through a material.

7. There are no free … available in a crystalline structure to make silicon conduct electricity and so it is an insulator.

8. The flow of … can be likened to the movement of an empty seat in a row of a theatre seat.

9. Electrical insulators contain electrons that are more strongly bound to the parent … and therefore free electrons are scarce.

10. A model of a silicon atom has fourteen electrons surrounding a nucleus containing fourteen … and fourteen neutrons.

XVII. Form the correct verb from the word in bold using suffixes: -en, -ise, -ify, or prefix en-.

1. I think you should … (large) some of the photographs.

2. The teacher should … (simple) the information so that everybody understands it.

3. They are planning to … (modern) the factory and buy new machinery.

4. They boiled the water in order to… (pure) it.

5. The council has decided to … (wide) the main road into the city centre.

6. The government promised to … (broad) access to higher education.

7. The study of science … (rich) all our life.

8. Please, ... (close) all translated words in brackets.

9. My parents always … (courage) me in my choice of career.

10. Nothing could … (weak) his determination to continue.

XVIII. Fill in the correct preposition (in, on, to, from, for, of, with).

XIX. Use the verbs in brackets in the required form of the Infinitive.

XX. Discussion. In pairs discuss the following questions.

I. Find the infinitives and translate the following sentences.

III. Translate the sentences paying attention to the for-to-infinitive construction.

IV. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Complex Subject.

X. Read the text. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.

XI. Find the Infinitives in the text and define their functions.

XII. Find the sentences with the Complex Object and the Complex Subject in the text.

XIII. Read the text again and answer the questions.

XV. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.

XVI. Connect the words with their definitions.

XVIII. Translate the sentences into Russian, paying attention to the meanings of highlighted words.

XIX. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the words either and neither and their combinations.

IV. Translate the sentences paying attention to Participle II in the function of attribute.

V. Translate the sentences paying attention to Participle II in the function of adverbial modifier.

VI. Translate the sentences, define the types of Participles and their functions.

VII. Make sentences beginning with Having ….

Example: We finished our work. We went home.

Having finished our work, we went home.

1. He wrote the letter, then he sent e-mail.

2. The plane was delayed by technical problems. It took off one hour late.

3. I had seen photographs of the place. I had no desire to go there.

4. Marie and Pierre Curie discovered radium. It gave them the possibility to discover other radioactive substances.

5. Lodygin discovered that carbon filaments were not efficient enough, that is why he tried to find some other material, more suitable for the purpose.

6. Teams of physicists, chemists and metallurgists were brought together and materials and theories were improved.

7. The substance was heated and it changed its properties.

8. New features were added and it changed the appearance of mobile phones.

10. In 1994 Tim Berners-Lee left CERN, the particle physics laboratory near Geneva where he created the World Wide Web. He moved to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

VIII. Complete the sentences with Participle I or Participle II.

IX. Translate the sentences paying attention to Absolute Participial Construction.

X. Join two sentences using Absolute Participial Construction.

Example: a) The electric candle had been invented.

b) The problem of lighting was solved.

The electric candle having been invented, the problem of lighting was solved.

b) The invention of the incandescent filament lamp belongs to him.

2. a) A series of attempts had been made.

b) He came to a successful solution of the problem.

3. a) Tungsten was used for the filament.

b) Lodygin solved the problem of the incandescent lamp.

4. a) Numerous experiments had been carried out at the orbital stations.

b) It became possible to develop new methods of industrial production of new materials.

5. a) Numerous experiments were over.

b) Newton was able to write his work very quickly.

XI. Read the text. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.

A new old idea

to flick – щёлкнуть

flicker - короткая вспышка, мерцание

to relay – передавать

set-up - структура, система, настройка

free-space optics - оптическая система в открытом пространстве

to be afoot – готовиться

car headlight – фара автомобиля

tail-light - задний габаритный фонарь

to alert – предупредить об опасности

to snoop – шпионить

to piggy-back on – использовать в своих интересах

broadband connection – широкополосное соединение

transceiver – приемопередатчик

to intercept – перехватывать, задерживать

directional transmitter – передающая радиопеленгаторная станция

obsolete – устаревший

to pursue - следовать

incandescent bulb – лампа накаливания

XII. Find the Participles in the text and define their functions.

XIII. Read the text again and answer the questions.

XV. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.

XVI. Connect the words with their definitions.

a source of light that contains a heated solid, such as an electrically heated filament;

a narrow unidirectional flow of laser radiation or particles;

an instrument with mirrors and a shutter used to send messages in Morse Code by reflecting the sun′s rays;

a transmission technique using a wide range of frequencies that enables messages to be sent simultaneously, used in fast Internet connections;

a part of a radio or a piece of musical or computing equipment that the sound comes out of;

a light spread over a wide area;

a station which produces signals, sounds in one particular direction;

an optical system in which light is used to send information.

XVII. Find synonyms for the words and words combinations in the text.

to convey, huge, lamp, being planned, to warn, to prevent, disadvantage, out of date, to give off, a look at something, to move something quickly.

XIX. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the meanings of highlighted words.

XX. Translate the sentences paying attention to the word since.

XXI. Discussion. In pairs discuss the following questions.

“Change is not made without inconvenience, even from worse to better”. Richard Hooker (British theologian).

I. Translate the sentences paying attention to the forms of the Gerund.

II. Use the right form of the Gerund of the verbs in brackets.

III. Comment on the forms and functions of the Gerunds.

IV. Complete the sentences. Add the necessary preposition (by, at, about, in, on, of, to, for, from).

V. Complete the sentences. Add the necessary preposition.

– We do insist …

6. Being a student he was interested …

7. I am capable …

8. Scientists succeeded …

9. There is no point…

10. You must take precautions …

VI. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the gerundial construction.

VII. Read and translate the sentences. State whether the ing-form is a Gerund, a Verbal noun or a Participle.

VIII. Use the Gerund instead of the Subordinate Clause.

IX. Comment on the difference between the following pairs of sentences.

1. I like playing computer games. I would like to play computer games.

2. The manager stopped speaking on the phone. The manager stopped to pick up the file.

3. If you want to improve your English, you can try watching English films. I am trying to study new material.

7. Don`t forget to turn off your computer. I shall never forget visiting London.

8. I shall get it done even if it means working hard. I mean to work all night in order to finish this project.

X. Complete the sentences with the Infinitive or Gerund of the verbs in brackets after regret, remember, mean, try and stop.

XI. Complete the sentences with the Infinitive or Gerund of the verbs in brackets.

XII. Read the text, translate it and comment on the –ing forms.

Turn on, turn in - to any station anywhere

None of the drawbacks matter in the long run. After setting up the system it is a breeze to get it to do whatever you want.

а stand-alone device – независимое, автономное устройство

to cry out – настоятельно требовать, нуждаться

a subwoofer – динамик низких частот

to buffer – изолировать

a breeze – пустяк, легкая задача

XIII. Read the text. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.

Analogue television basics

to radiate – излучать

vidicon tube – видикон

electron gun – электронный прожектор, электронная пушка

scanning coil – отклоняющаяся катушка

AF - audio frequency – звуковая частота

scanning – обследование, развертка изображения

flyback – обратный ход луча

raster – растр

to deflect – отклонять

field scan – полевая развертка

line scan – строчная развертка

glass envelope – стеклянная колба, баллон

flared – расширяющийся, расширенный на конус

to clamp – зажимать, фиксировать

bandwidth – ширина полосы часто, полоса частот

interlaced scanning – черезстрочная разверстка

intervening lines – промежуточные линии

XIV. Find Gerunds in the text and define their functions.

XV. Read the text again and answer the questions.

XVI. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.

XVII. Connect the words with their definitions.

the change in direction of a light beam as it crosses a boundary between two media with different refractive indexes;

a heated cathode with an associated system of electrodes and coils for producing and focusing a beam of electrons, used especially in cathode-ray tubes.

XIX. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the meanings of highlighted words

XX. Change the sentences, using the words in brackets according to the model.

Model: The attendants don’t permit the taking of photographs. (visitors)

The attendants don’t permit visitors to take photographs.

XXI. Discussion. In pairs discuss the following questions.

“It is only when they go wrong that machines remind you how powerful they are.” Clive James (Australian critic)

Unit 9

I. Translate conditional sentences and define their types.

II. Choose the right variant in brackets paying attention to the type of conditional sentences.

III. Put the verbs in the right form in the conditional sentences.

3. If a difference of potential between two points of a conductor (maintain) by some means or other, electrons will continue to flow, giving life to a continuous current.

4. If there were no force of gravitation, both the Moon and the Earth (fly off) into space along a straight line.

5. If we (have) to examine most solid substances, we should see that they are crystalline.

6. Would you mind if I (come) to work an hour later on Monday?

7. If the post were more reliable, we (not have to) depend on couriers.

8. If cast iron had not been so brittle, it (find) much more applications in industry. 9. If a given amount of energy is put into a machine, precisely that very amount (be) developed.

10. If white cast iron were slowly cooled in the moulds it (have) a structure of ferrite and free carbon in the form of graphite.

11. What would you use if you (want) to measure air pressure?

12. If you (look) at the engine for a moment, you would have seen what was missing.

13. If there were no atmosphere, there (be) no clouds, no rain.

14. If you (melt) the snow you would get water.

IV. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses.

V. Rewrite the sentences according to the model.

Model: I did not see the signal, so I did not stop.

If I had seen the signal, I would have stopped.

VI. Finish the sentences.

VII. Change the following sentences of real condition into sentences of unreal condition.

Model: If you put salt on ice it will melt.

If you put salt on ice it would melt.

If the design of cars is improved the fuel consumption will be greatly reduced.

If you visit the power station you will see the new turbine.

If friction is eliminated no force at all is necessary to keep the body in motion.

If rubber is combined with metals, wood and asbestos, it would greatly increase the potential uses of this material.

If you use that door, it sets off an alarm.

If traffic is controlled by computers cars will travel with safety and speed.

VIII. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the word provide.

IX Translate the sentences with conjunctions unless, in case, but for, on condition that and suppose.

X. Complete the sentences with a word formed from the word in brackets. Use the following prefixes only once: over-, super-, under-, mono-, semi-, mal-, non-, sub-, out-, mis-.

1. Recent spectacular breakthroughs in …………… (conductor) may be compared with the physics discoveries that led to electronics and nuclear power.

2. The introduction of …………….. (conductor) technology revolutionized the computer industry.

3. You mast not …………… (estimate) how difficult it is going to be.

4. From the ……………. (set), Bill Gates was confident that his computer language, BASIC, would be a success.

5. To build a reliable hypersonic plane one has to ……………. (come) a whole set of technological and scientific difficulties.

6. Most people prefer a colour screen to a …………… (chrome) screen.

7. If a printer ………….. (function), you should check the interface cable.

9. His comments were ……………….. (interpreted) as a criticism of the project.

10. We ………………. (contracted) the work to a small engineering firm.

XI. Read the text. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.

The charge-coupled device

Let us compare the CMOS sensor with the CCD sensor:

Thus CCDs tend to be used in digital cameras if high-quality images are required with good light sensitivity.

Vocabulary:

array – множество

thermionic emission – термоэлектронная эмиссия

surveillance – наблюдение

camcorders – портативная видеокамера со встроенным видеомагнитофоном

bar code readers – устройство считывания штрихового кода

resolution – разрешающая способность

substrate – подложка

underside – нижняя часть

to inject – инжектировать, вводить

to overlay – перекрывать, накладывать слой

XII. Find conditional sentences in the text and define their functions.

XIII. Read the text again and answer the questions.

XV. Combine words from Box A with words from Box to make collocations.

XVI. Connect the words with their definition.

10. pixel

a) an integrated circuit that converts light into a series of electrical charges that are related to the intensity of any given picture element;

b) the ability of a microscope or other optical instrument to produce separate images of closely placed objects;

c) any of a number of very small picture elements that make up a picture, as on a visual display unit;

d) the emission of electrons from very hot solids or liquids, used for producing electrons in valves, electron microscopes and X-ray tubes;

e) a video camera and recorder combined in a portable unit;

f) a switching circuit based on a field-effect transistor;

g) the semiconductor base on which other material is deposited, especially in the construction of integrated circuits;

h) a unit of electromagnetic energy;

i) a device which can read the information contained on a pattern of thick and thin lines that is printed on things you buy;

j) an element in a semiconducting device that emits, collects or controls the movement of electrons or holes.

XVII. Translate the following words, paying attention to prefixes then use them in sentences.

Underuse, outsource, overlay, misrepresent, undertake, overproduce, subdirect, supercharged, nonstandard, underachieve, mislay, misuse, outlay, outtake/

XVIII. Find synonyms to the following words in the text.

To include, to find, to put into, to join, to produce, susceptible, strength, to form, base, to place.

XX. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the meanings of highlighted words.

XXI. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses.

XXII. Discussion. In pairs discuss the following questions.

“A discovery is said to be an accident meeting a prepared mind”. (Albert Szent-Gyorgyi).

Unit 10

I. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood after the verbs should, would, could, might, must.

II. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood in subject clause.

III. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood after verbs: to order, to insist, to demand, to suggest, to advice.

IV. Open the brackets using the Subjunctive Mood.

Model: He (advise) them what to do, but he couldn’t get in touch with them.

He would have advised them what to do, but he couldn’t get in touch with them.

1. I (obtain) a datum quantity for direct current, but the galvanic element that I used failed.

2. The supply voltage must have been increased, more current (flow) through the regulator tube.

3. Why did not you ask them to discuss your problem then? They (not postpone) it.

4. It (be) wise of you to read scientific journals on your profession.

5. I think nobody (object) to discussing the results of our work tomorrow.

6. She (buy) the disk, but she had no money.

7. It (be) impossible to determine the chemical composition of the metal without a laboratory analysis.

8. The heat (cause) mechanical troubles, but fortunately the temperature weren’t raised above a certain limit.

9. I (come) to the meeting, but I wasn’t informed about it.

10. This method is not efficient otherwise it (introduce) long ago.

V. Complete the given phrases using the Subjunctive Mood.

5. The professor strongly advised …

VI. Translate the sentences with the Subjunctive Mood after the following conjunctions: lest, so that, in order that, though.

VII. Translate the sentences with the Subjunctive Mood after the following conjunctions: as if and as though.

VIII. Open the brackets and use the correct form of the Subjunctive Mood.

IX. Comment on the use of tenses in the following sentences after wish and if only.

X. Paraphrase the following sentences using the Subjunctive Mood after the verb wish.

Example: My students are not always in time for class.

I wish my students were always in time for class.

Unfortunately I was not able to do all the calculations yesterday.

The experiment is prepared carefully. I hope I shall get good results.

I do not speak French.

I forgot my PIN number that is why I did not take money out of the ATM.

I cannot afford to buy a car.

I have to attend lectures, but they are so boring.

I missed the bus this morning and was late for work.

I did not print the report yesterday because the electricity was cut off.

I left my umbrella on the bus.

XI. Translate the sentences paying attention to the phrases would rather and had better.

XII. What would you do in the following situations. Express your advice using constructions: would rather and would better.

Model; Your record player is too loud.

You had better turn it down.

XIII. Comment on the use of the Subjunctive Mood after the expression It’s high time.

XIV. Read the text. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.

Fibre optics communications

Vocabulary:

interference – взаимное влияние, помехи

cross-talk - помехи

eavesdropper – оператор перехвата (подслушивания) сообщений

fire hazard – источник пожароопасности

attenuation – ослабление, затухание

silica – кварц, кремнезем

core – сердечник, ядро

cladding – покрытие, оболочка, плакировка

refractive index – коэффициент преломления

armoured cable – армированный кабель

coating – обшивка, покрытие

XV. Read the text again and find all sentences with the Subjunctive Mood.

XVI. Answer the questions.

XVIII. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.

XIX. Connect the words with their definitions.

1. The part of the electromagnetic spectrum with a longer wavelength than light but a shorter wavelength than radio waves;

XX. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood.

XXI. Practice the Conditional and the Subjunctive Mood while discussing the following ideas.

УДК 42 (076)

Н.Н. Клещина. Английский язык: Практикум по грамматике, чтению и переводу с английского языка. / СибГУТИ. – Новосибирск, 2008г. – 96 стр.

При работе с данным учебным материалом студенты должны приобрести знания по грамматике, расширить свой лексический запас, совершенствовать навыки перевода и устной речи.

Рекомендуется для работы студентов первого и второго курсов технических специальностей как для аудиторной, так и самостоятельной работы.

Кафедра иностранных и русского языков

Список литературы – 17 наим.

Рецензент: кфн. Е.И. Мартынова

Рекомендовано РИС СибГУТИ в качестве практикума по грамматике, чтению и переводу.

© Сибирский государственный университет

телекоммуникаций и информатики, 2008г.

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Практикум

по грамматике, чтению и переводу

с английского языка



IX. Read the text. Choose the right form of the verbs in brackets.
Computer electronics

Compared with the first computers of the 1940s, today′s computers (show/shows) the dramatic advances in electronics. Power-hungry, room-sized and unreliable, these early computers (were replaced/ replaced) by a variety of compact, efficient and versatile microcomputers such as laptops.

Computers (owe/owes) their efficiency and compactness to the development of the silicon chip. Instead of being based on thermionic valves, today′s computers (depend/depended) on the processing power of the silicon chip. This is a small piece of silicon on which incredibly complex yet tiny miniaturized circuits (integrate/are integrated) by photographic and chemical processes. Perhaps the best known of these chips (is/are) the Pentium microprocessors made by Intel and the Power PC microprocessors developed by Apple, Motorola, and IBM. The microprocessor (is/was) the most complex silicon chip made today.

X. Use the right form of the verbs in brackets.
1. This program (run) by very good managers. 2. Many students (use) the Internet. 3. Electronics (be) an essential part of modern control systems. 4. Every day millions – probably billions of e-mails (send) round the world. 5. In modern Earth-based telephone and data transmission systems, hair-thin glass fibers (use) instead of conventional wires. 6. Radar (detect) things at a distance by bouncing radio waves off them. 7. Electronic engineering (deal) with the research, design, integration, and application of circuits and devices used in the transmission and processing of information. 8. This work (finish) in two days. 9. The lecture on chemistry (attend) by many students yesterday. 10. The village (connect) with the town by a railway line.
XI. Fill each gap with one word. The missing words can be: articles, auxiliary verbs, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, etc. There is an example (0).
Can you remember where you 0) were when the first text message 1) …….sent in the UK? You can′t? I′m not surprised. It is an unpredictable world, and nothing 2)……less predicted than the rise of text messaging. It came from nowhere to become 3)……fastest growing phenomenon 4)….recent times.

Over 2 million text messages are sent 5)…..hour in the UK. The mobile phone industry claims 6)…….95% of them arrive within 10 seconds in normal circumstances. Texting has opened up an entirely new area 7)……communication that didn`t exist before – brief messages for which there 8)…. a huge demand but which don`t need the fuss of a written letter.

Texting has become a means 9)….parents to maintain contact with 10) …..children, for grandparents to bond with grandchildren, for television to interact with the audience. It 11)….a marketing tool of huge potential for companies which, for the first time, can build up profiles of individual users and target them 12)….special offers.

Texting has not been successful simply because it enables you to communicate 13)….others 14)…..phone without speaking, 15)…..because it is brief and no one expects any of the usual formalities. Its simplicity may ensure its long life.
XII. Read the text about the electronic age, enumerate the most important inventions in the field of electronics. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.
The electronic age
Electronics is the art of using electrons in devices such as transistors and silicon chips to make electricity work for us. There is no doubt it has had far-reaching effects on nearly all aspects of life, although its influence often remains unseen. Our modern day dependency on electronics was spurred by the invention of the transistor in the late 1940s. This was followed by the manufacture of silicon chips in the early 1960s that has ultimately led to incredibly complex circuits containing thousands of transistors integrated on a sliver of silicon so small you could lose it under your fingernail. Miniaturizing electronic circuits in this way is called microelectronics and it has come to influence the way we store, process and distribute information; to change the way we design and manufacture industrial goods; to improve the diagnosis and treatment of illnesses; and it shapes the affairs of finance and business as well as a variety of social, educational and political activities. Nowadays, we take for granted the way electronics makes our lives more comfortable, enjoyable, creative and exciting.


We are surrounded by products in and round our homes that make use of electronics in one way or another. Washing machines, security systems and toasters are “clever” because of the function of electronic circuits in them, not forgetting that hi-fi systems, radios, DVD (digital versatile disk) players, MP3 players and computers are so obviously “electronic” in what they do. One major advance familiar to all is the storage of recorded information brought about by the compact disk (CD) and the DVD.

One of the most important developments in music technology has been the creation of the MP3 format for recording and playing music in digital form. MP3 is a compression system for music that reduces the amount of memory space required to store a song without impairing the quality of the song′s sound. The aim of this format is to compress a CD-quality song by a factor of 10 to 14 without noticeably affecting the CD-quality sound. With MP3 you can compress down to about 3 MB a 32 –megabyte (MB) song. This lets you download a song in minutes rather than hours, and store hundreds of songs on your computer` hard disk without taking up that much space.

Cameras that capture images on a film will be around for a long time yet, but many photographers are finding digital cameras more exciting and convenient to use. The so-called digital revolution has transformed the capture and processing of still and moving pictures. No longer it is necessary to process film to recover the image. In its place, at the focal plane of the camera lens is an electronic sensor called a charge-coupled device (CCD). The CCD converts the image produced by the camera lens into a digital image that is stored in an on-board integrated circuit as a digital file. In this state the image can be viewed at any time and then downloaded for image processing on a computer for manipulating and printing or for use on web pages.
Vocabulary:
device – устройство, приспособление, прибор, механизм

circuit – цепь

chip – микросхема

to spur – подстегнуть, побудить

dependency- зависимость

ultimately- в конечном счете, в конце концов

sliver – лучина, лента, щепка

silicon – кремний

application – применение, приложение

to process - обрабатывать

development – развитие, разработка, конструирование, усовершенствование

compression – сжатие, уплотнение, сдавливание

versatile - многосторонний

to impair – портить, повреждать, ухудшать, ослаблять

download – загрузка, откачивать из оперативной памяти

to take up - занимать

to capture – захватывать, снимать

a focal plane – фокальная плоскость

sensor – датчик, чувствительный элемент

to convert – преобразовывать, перерабатывать

storage – хранение

factor – множитель, показатель, коэффициент

film – кинопленка, фотопленка, кинофильм

charge-coupled device – устройство с зарядовой связью
XIII. Find in the text sentences with Passive voice and translate them.
XIV. Answer the questions.


  1. Name ten domestic appliances or gadgets that make use of electronics.

  2. State three ways a computer enhances life at home or at work.

  3. What is the name of the integrated circuit at the heart of a computer?

  4. What is the role of transistors in the development of electronics?

  5. What is the role of chips in the development of electronics?

  6. How does microelectronics influence on our lives?

  7. What is the difference between DVD and CD?

  8. What is the most important development in music technology?

  9. What is the advantage of using MP3 over CD?

  10. What is the meaning of digital revolution?



XV. Read the text again and decide whether these statements are true or false.


  1. Electronics greatly improved our lives.

  2. The invention of transistors came about after development of silicon chips.

  3. MP3 has a worse quality than CD as a result of compression.

  4. MP3 allows to store hundreds of songs on your computer hard disk.

  5. A charge-coupled device allows to recover the image without processing film.



XVI. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.


A

silicon

web

security

memory

digital

electronic

hard

B

disk

page

system

chip

space

camera

circuit

XVII. Complete the table with the given words.

Create, storage, distribute, development, reduce, production, dependency, treatment, require, transform, invention


noun

verb



create

storage


























































XVIII. Complete each sentence with a word from the box.


sensor, telecommunication, camera, application, development, formats, storage, capture, inventions, device, electronics, communication, images


1 The…………….of the mobile phone has been rapid and widespread, enabling us to keep in touch with others.

  1. The first commercially available digital ……….. was the 1991 Kodak DCS-100. It used 1.3 megapixel ………… and was priced at $13000.

  2. The move to digital …………. was helped by the formation of the first SPEG and MPEG standards in 1988, which allowed image and video files to be compressed for …………...

  3. Digital cameras can …………. images without the bright light.

  4. There are projects to use lasers for long distance ……………...

  5. Video camera is classified as a …………. whose main purpose is to record moving …………...

  6. The transistor is considered by many to be one of the greatest …………..in modern history. It is the key active component in practically all modern ……………….

  7. Electronics finds important ……………in the design of robots such as AIBO (Artificial Intelligence roBOt)

  8. Computer communication across the Internet, such as e-mail and instant messaging, is just one of many examples of ………………….






XIX. Match the words with their definitions.


1. Electronics 6. Device

2. Circuit 7. Transistor

3. Application 8. Sensor

4. Chip 9. Storage

5. Development 10. Invention


a) a piece of equipment that has been designed to do a particular job;

b) a device that can react to light, heat pressure in order to make a machine do something;

c) the branch of science or technology that studies electronic currents in electronic equipment;

d) a very small piece of a material that is used to carry a complicated electronic circuit;

e) the process of keeping information on a computer;

f) the complete path of wires and equipment along which an electric current flows;

g) a thing or an idea that has been invented;

h) a small electronic device used in computers, radios, televisions for controlling an electric current as it passes along a circuit;

i) the practical use of something, especially theory, discovery, etc;.

j) the gradual growth of something so that it becomes more advanced and stronger.



XX. Use the verbs in brackets in the right tense form.
Transtelecom company
Founded in 1997, Transtelecom company (be) currently one of the leading telecommunications operators in Russia. Originally, it (establish) to build and operate a high-speed telecommunications network to ensure a qualitatively new level of technological telecommunication infrastructure for Russian Railways. Transtelecom (build) Russia′s longest (over 5000 kilometres) digital optic fiber communications network. It (cover) 11 time zones, connecting 71 of Russia′s 88 regions, with accounts for almost 90 % of population.
XXI. Discussion. In pairs discuss the following questions.



  1. What can robots do more easily and safely than humans?

  2. Discuss the worries people have about accessing information on the Internet.

  3. How do you depend on electronics?

  4. How different would everyday life be without electronics?



Unit 2


  1. Времена английского глагола группы Continuous Active, Passive

  2. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий

  3. Конструкции as…as, such…as, not so …as

  4. Текст “Communications electronics”

5. Словообразование. Суффиксы -ous, -ful, -ly, -ance, -able, -al. Префикс un-


I. Explain the usage of Continuous forms in the following sentences. Translate them.


  1. The demand for Internet access and for other services via the “mobile” is stimulating a wide range of facilities for this modern personal communication device. 2. Science is becoming a leading factor in the progress of mankind. 3. Most of us are aware of the fact that every time we use a credit card, phone card, cash card or supermarket card, our personal information is being recorded somewhere. 4. Locating you when you are not at work or at school is becoming easier. 5. I was working at the important project when the telephone rang. 6. She is filling the case with the papers she has been working on all day. 7. The scientists had been working around the clock, they were trying to raise funds for further research. 8. Microsoft and Intel are now going in separate directions. 9. Computer data is more and more traveling along telephone wire. 10. Rapidly growing project is being financed by the D.E. Shaw group. 11. The telephone network is becoming computer-controlled. 12. Successful candidates will be working closely with a number of the world′s leading computational chemists and biologists. 13 Tomorrow we shall be preparing for a test for the whole evening. 14. The sea is becoming more polluted. 15. Janet was working on her computer when the lights went off. 16. He was waiting for the bus when the accident happened. 17. We have been working at this program for three month. 18. I had been walking for about an hour when I realized I was completely lost. 19. I am sending the e-mail to my friend. 20. She has been working hard all week. 21. A new xerox is being installed in the office.



II. Use the verb in brackets in Present Iindefinite or Present Continuous and comment on the difference in the meaning of the forms.
1. We (to translate) a technical text now.

2. We usually (not to translate) stories.

3. He (to promise) always to mend the computer but he never (to do) it.

4. Steve (to look) for a new car at the moment.

5. Our office (to sell) power equipment, mining equipment, and other goods.

6. He (to work) at an important project at the moment.

7. The vast majority of children now regularly (to play) games ranging from ND Mario to Mortal Kombat.

8. Water (to freeze) at O C.

9. The air (to become) more and more polluted.

10. She (to look) through all newspapers every evening.

11. Your plan (to sound) great.

12. The new computer system (to install) at the moment.

13. Web giant Google (to plan) a massive online storage facility to encompass all users′ files, it is reported.

14. Some scientists and engineers (to work) at improving traditional production processes, others (to develop) new technologies.

15. The apparatus (to work) when you come.

16. When the ball (to touch) the surface of the rod, some of the static electricity passed to it.

17. Every material (to offer) some resistance to the flow of an electric current through it.

18. I (to work) in the library the whole day yesterday.

19. We (to discuss) a very important question when he entered the room.

20. The use of this two - circuits system (to protect) the turbine and the workers from radioactive radiation.
III. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.


    1. Sarah (graduate) from the university two years ago and for the last year she (look) for a decent job. She (hope) to find work as an engineer. I think she (have) no difficulties in finding such a job.

    2. Peter (drive) to work yesterday when a dog (run) into the middle of the road. Peter (manage) to stop in time but the car which (follow) behind him (crash) into the back of his car. Then the two cars (collide) with a police car which (travel) in the opposite direction.

C. eBAY, the world`s biggest online auctioneer, (hire) Daniel Lee from a rival to head its development center in Shanghai as the company (seek) to increase share in the world′s second-biggest Internet market. Lee, who was most recently chief technology officer for Yahoo′s North Asiz unit, (lead) the center′s expansion as well as research and development of products designed for eBay′s online platform.
IV. Give degrees of comparison for the following adjectives.
Good, longest, narrower, (the) worst, difficult, less, thinner, great, more, powerful, denser, bulkier, hottest, adaptable, newest, easy.
V. Use the right degree of comparison of the adjectives in brackets.


  1. We use our silicon expertise to make everything (small), (fast), (cheap), (good) than it was before.

  2. He is (good) student in the group.

  3. Of the new personal digital assistants, the Compaq iPAQ is the (powerful) and offers the (good) view for surfing the Web wirelessly.

  4. Life is getting (hard) and (complicated) with every passing day.

  5. That was indeed (bad) experience in his career.

  6. The (much) original a discovery, the (much) obvious it seems afterwards.

  7. Computer technology is the (fast)-growing industry in the world.

  8. The (significant) invention during the Second World War was radar, developed in Britain to locate enemy aircraft and ships.

  9. The portion of international calls in rural areas is (little) than 10 percent.

  10. The Morse code became the most widely used code because it was (easy) to understand and (fast) to transmit.


VI. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the conjunction the…the.