Файл: Сибирский государственный университет телекоммуникаций и информатики.doc

If it is possible we shall begin this work at once.
If the books are available in our library we shall do this work much earlier.
If the motor of the rocked works all the time, it will consume millions of tons of propellent.
If you open an electric light bulb, you will see two heavy metal wires sticking up from the base, with a very fine wire between their ends.
1 ... 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 ... 40

If the design of cars is improved the fuel consumption will be greatly reduced.

If you visit the power station you will see the new turbine.

If friction is eliminated no force at all is necessary to keep the body in motion.

If rubber is combined with metals, wood and asbestos, it would greatly increase the potential uses of this material.

If you use that door, it sets off an alarm.

If traffic is controlled by computers cars will travel with safety and speed.

VIII. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the word provide.

The experiments provided very good results. 2. I shall lend you my car provided you fill it up with petrol. 3. Data provided by these tests were processed by computers. 4. The exploration of the Moon provided a great deal of scientific knowledge. 5. Our laboratory has been provided with the latest equipment. 6. We shall be able to ship the goods at the end of May provided the order is received immediately. 7. Having measured the distance between two points, it is possible to calculate the time during which a car can cover it, provided we know the car`s average speed. 8. Closed cabins on all passenger aircraft must be provided with at least one easily accessible external door. 9. Superliners could develop a higher speed provided some special cooling measures were used. 10. The magnetic compass can be used with precision provided its peculiarities are understood. 11. Current starts flowing provided a voltage source is applied to the circuit. 12. The new equipment can be utilized provided a protection fuse is applied to it.

IX Translate the sentences with conjunctions unless, in case, but for, on condition that and suppose.

She will certainly fail her exams unless she starts to study. 2. I would not have been able to do it unless she had helped me. 3. But for the atmosphere life should not exist on the Earth. 4. I shall see you at the same time next week, unless I hear from you. 5. I could do this work in case I got the necessary tools. 6. The speed of the molecules will increase on condition that the temperature rises. 7. We should have no radio, telephone, television or computers unless there were electricity. 8. Suppose you are not ready for the exam, what will you do? 9. Isaac Newton stated that a body would continue moving in case force were not applied to stop it. 10. Suppose this method is applied, two conditions must be observed. 11. The earth temperature would not have increased in case heat had not been radiated into atmosphere. 12. Suppose a piece of hot metal is placed into cold water, the metal will be cooled and the water will be heated. 13. Take your mobile phone with you in case I need to call you later. 14. It is possible to use resistance coupling on condition that a tube of low plate resistance is employed in the earlier stage.

X. Complete the sentences with a word formed from the word in brackets. Use the following prefixes only once: over-, super-, under-, mono-, semi-, mal-, non-, sub-, out-, mis-.

1. Recent spectacular breakthroughs in …………… (conductor) may be compared with the physics discoveries that led to electronics and nuclear power.

2. The introduction of …………….. (conductor) technology revolutionized the computer industry.

3. You mast not …………… (estimate) how difficult it is going to be.

4. From the ……………. (set), Bill Gates was confident that his computer language, BASIC, would be a success.

5. To build a reliable hypersonic plane one has to ……………. (come) a whole set of technological and scientific difficulties.

6. Most people prefer a colour screen to a …………… (chrome) screen.

7. If a printer ………….. (function), you should check the interface cable.

8. The researchers used continuous superconducting crystals and shaped the gate in such a way that a central area of the organic material is less exposed to the electric field at the gate. This area remains ………………. (conducting).

9. His comments were ……………….. (interpreted) as a criticism of the project.

10. We ………………. (contracted) the work to a small engineering firm.

XI. Read the text. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.

The charge-coupled device

The charge-coupled device (CCD) is an integrated circuit comprising an array of minute semiconductor memory cells on a silicon chip that converts light received through a lens into a series of electrical charges that are directly related to the intensity of any given picture element (pixel). The CCD camera is a type of camera for converting light into electrical signals since it is based on semiconductors rather than on thermionic emission. The CCD comprises a light-sensitive array of metal-oxide semiconductors on a silicon chip. It is much more sensitive than the vidicon tube and it is also able to store images in such a way that each pixel (picture element) in the image is converted into an electrical charge the intensity of which is related to the colour in the colour spectrum. The charge is removed from the array and processed to form an image by electrodes attached to the surface of the chip. The longer the light falls on the array, the larger the charge stored. Thus, the CCD is more sensitive than photographic film and enables light to be gathered from faint sources. For example, both amateur and professional astronomers use CCD cameras in place of the eye and photographic film to record images in their telescopes. For surveillance purposes, CCD images can be gathered in near darkness, and CCDs are used in digital cameras, camcorders, scanners and bar code readers. The word megapixel refers to the remarkable resolution (the amount of detail) of images taken by CCDs in digital cameras, one megapixel being, say, an image comprising 1024

1024 pixel. On the surface of the semiconductor chip making up the CCD is a long row of tiny metal electrodes that overlay a thin oxide layer formed on the surface of a p-type substrate. A three-phase clock network alternately activates the electrodes in turn by being switched from 0V to say +10V. If an electrode is pulsed to a positive voltage, it is capable of attracting a negative charge to the underside of the oxide layer beneath it. It is as if the positively charged metal electrode creates a kind of “bucket” that can hold electric charge. Charge-coupling is the technique by which signal charge can be transferred from the bucket under one electrode to the next bucket. This is achieved by taking the voltage on the send electrode also to 10V then reducing the voltage to 0V on the first electrode. Hence by pulsing the voltages on the electrodes sequentially between high and low levels, charge signals can be made to pass down an array of very many electrodes. To achieve this, the electrodes are connected in sequence to a set of three-phase drive pulses. Charge signals can then be stored under every third electrode in the array and will be transferred together along the array under the control of the drive pulses. The use of three phases ensures that the charges move in the right direction. By letting the presence or absence of a charge represent digital values of 0 and 1, and by providing amplifiers for injecting and detecting these charges, a very simple and compact type of computer memory device is possible. If a CCD used as an electronic sensor is a camera, the metal electrodes will be overlaid by surfaces that are optically sensitive. A different type of light-sensitive semiconductor array is the Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) sensor that is a rival to the CCD sensor. CMOS is a switching circuit based on the combination of n-channel and p-channel field-effect transistors.

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