You determine exactly what the major changes are:

1. 
   Manufacturing is consolidated into one department.
   
2. 
   The departments previously under the supervision of the Finance Executive Director, with the exception of accounting, are made independent departments. This would result in the probable promotion of the existing directors to executive directors.
   
3. 
   The duties are more equally distributed across department lines, with the new departments with executive directors having greater responsibility.
   
4. 
   The sales department is consolidated into one unit under the direction of the Executive Director of Marketing.
   

You are sure that the result of the proposed reorganization would probably be a reduction in overhead due to the consolidation of staff and a greater streamlining of operations.

Make use of the helpful phrases:

• 
  Let’s come to the merits of the matter … .
  
• 
  I intend to clear out MIE-Taiwan’s Augean stables.
  
• 
  The floor is yours, Mr. … .
  
• 
  Now to … .
  
• 
  It sticks out like a sore thumb.
  
• 
  I’m afraid it doesn’t fit in with the schemes.
  
• 
  And in addition I shall personally see to it that … .
  
• 
  How can this be relevant?
  
• 
  Only thus the firm will be able to go from strength to strength.
  

C. Lo, Executive Director, Finance Division:

Mr.Tanaka has created his plan without consulting you, and without having any knowledge of the intricacies of doing business in the Republic of China. Since you and your colleagues are all native Chinese with years of accumulated business experience, you deeply resent his manner of dealing. The lack of regard for those of you who have served the company has already resulted in the resignations of Mr. Hu and Mr. Lee, two able and expert managers. You feel that the situation has become so serious that it is imperative that something should be done about it.

Make use of the helpful phrases:

• 
  The point is, … .
  

• 
  You could avoid such embarrassment, of course, by simply consulting me and my colleagues … .
  
• 
  If that is the case, we shall … .
  
• 
  Apparently not.
  

Director (Purchasing)

Artificially low prices set by competition (mainly with Japanese manu-facturers) in an attempt to drive MIE-Taiwan out of the market. It is clear that their profit margin (if any) is small and therefore cannot continue nor be indicative of the fair market value of the product. If MIE-Taiwan were to lower their prices substantially, they too could compete in this current price war.

Make use of the helpful phrases:

• 
  …I assure you,… .
  
• 
  We can establish, beyond reasonable doubt, that … .
  
• 
  I don’t think that’s the point.
  
• 
  I did give it some considerable thought but I came to the conclusion that …
  

Trade Union Leader:

Mr.Tanaka is ignoring hardships placed on laid-off and reassigned workers, within the factory, these layoffs have resulted in depressed morale among the workers on other assembly lines. Halting production of these systems is not the only viable solution available to Mr.Tanaka.

Make use of the helpful phrases:

• 
  Would you not consider such action a little precipitate?
  
• 
  If that remains the case, sir, … .
  
• 
  Furthermore… .
  

Executive Director (Marketing):

In your mind the reorganization plan is unwise because it consolidates sales in one division. Although this may be more immediately cost effective, in the long run it may seriously affect the reputation and sales of MIE Taiwan, since sales of its equipment are dependent upon its sales force having specialized knowledge of the product they are selling. Under Mr.Tanaka’s plan, salesmen will sell all MIE products, even those that they may not be familiar with, a situation that could backfire if the product sold is not appropriate to the client’s needs.

Make use of the helpful phrases:

• 
  Let me assure you, Mr. Tanaka, that… .
  
• 
  And we may also have to reconsider … .
  
• 
  I’llaffirmyouthat … .
  

---

Director (Accounting):

Mr.Tanaka has so far not designated who will be in charge of what division after the reorganization. This creates unfair anxiety among all of you, since you do not know whether you are to be promoted, demoted, or even fired.

Make use of the helpful phrases:

• 
  I feel confident that you will find … .
  
• 
  We are not warranted in believing … .¹³
  
• 
  Let’s not crowd the mourners.¹⁴
  

Director (Personnel):

There is no indication from the chart itself that any key staff would lose their position; in fact it seems that some would be promoted. Furthermore, the consolidation of sales personnel in one unit does not necessarily indicate that all salespersons would sell all products, as all other managers believe. What seems clear is that the problem with the reorganization is simply that Tanaka has not really endeavoured to communicate why he is changing the chain of command and now it will really affect the staff.

Make use of the helpful phrases:

• 
  Of course, sir, your reputation goes before you.
  
• 
  I am certain of one thing, … .
  
• 
  And another thing, … .
  

Making a Decision

In coming to a decision, consider the following points:

• 
  The consequences of managerial decisions
  
• 
  Priorities in reorganization
  
• 
  The importance of continuity in the chain of command
  

What other factors should be discussed?

Your decision:

2.8 GRAMMAR BACK UP: The ing-Form & Past Participle

ANTICIPATION

Task 1

Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the function of the ing-forms.

The ing-form as a subject.

1. 
   Avoiding difficulties is not my method.
   
2. 
   It was no good chasing the insider trader.
   
3. 
   It’s no use influencing the Board before the shareholders’ meeting.
   

The ing-form as part of a predicate (to form continuous tenses).

1. 
   The government gives a subsidy to the industry that is suffering from foreign competition.
   
2. 
   The terms of payment depend on the countries between which the trade is taking place.
   

The ing-form as an attribute.

1. 
   If the call you receive is a direct incoming call you state the name of your company.
   
2. 
   They won a convincing margin.
   
3. 
   The terms of delivery depend on the kinds of goods being traded.
   
4. 
   A nation must at all times combine devaluation with other effective measures to balance its economy, resulting in a reasonable level of employment and low rate of inflation.
   
5. 
   The WTO has more than 130 members, accountingfor 90% of world trade.
   
6. 
   During 1982, the dollar rose against other major currencies to its highest level since the beginning of floating exchange rates in 1973.
   

The ing-form as an object.

1. 
   The statistics used in determining a deficit or an excess are non-perfect.
   
2. 
   They postponed giving a definite answer.
   

The ing-form used as a part of Complex Object.

1. 
   I saw him speaking to the manager.
   
2. 
   I left him making printouts.
   
3. 
   If she catches you reading the quarterly breakdown of overheads, she’ll be furious.
   

The ing-form used as an adverbial modifier of time.

1. 
   While workingso hard he still receives all profits.
   
2. 
   On arriving at the office he realized that the staff were upset.
   

The ing-form used as an adverbial modifier of cause.

1. 
   Considering the complexity of the problem, the decision was reached at a rather early date.
   
2. 
   Having been persuadedby the Sales Manager, Hector Grant opened up a new export Market in Abraca.
   
3. 
   Being invited to Hector Grant John Martin, Sales Manager, told him about the chances of getting a large order in Abraca.
   
4. 
   Having failed twice I was not at subject.
   

---

The ing-form used as an adverbial modifier of manner or attending circumstances.

1. 
   McEnroe can make an extra profit on this deal, takinga small commission on the sale of the shoes.
   
2. 
   We wasted a whole afternoon trying to detail actual expenditure against budget and the amount spent on travelling and entertainment.
   

The ing-form used as an adverbial participle phrase to express time.

1. 
   Having bought a corporate bond, you have bought a portion of a large loan, and your rights are those of a lender.
   
2. 
   Having increasedsales by almost forty per cent John Martin has had a very successful year.
   

Task 2

Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the function of the Past Participle in the sentences.

The Past Participle as an attribute.

1. 
   Protective tariffs make imported products more expensive and encourage people to buy goods produced in their own country
   
2. 
   Exporters and importers often prefer the security of payment by confirmed irrevocable letter of credit when dealing with unknown firms in distant countries.
   
3. 
   The main reasons given were the large amount of work commissioned by the Government.
   

The Past Participle as part of a predicate (to form the perfect tenses and the passive voice).

1. 
   John Martin has received an enquiry from the Abracan government.
   
2. 
   He has been asked to give a quotation to supply office furniture.
   
3. 
   As he was convinced that it would be the largest single order in the history of the firm, John Martin informed the boss about it.
   

Task 3

Familiarize yourself with the text and fill in the following chart with the italicized words from the text. Consult the Grammar notes below. Translate the text into Russian. Supply it with the suitable title.

The death of Ambrose Harper, one of the two men who founded the company Harper & Grant Ltd., causes a crisis in the firm. Harper & Grant is a private company. It was started originally by Hector Grant's father and the late Ambrose Harper together. A private company can be formed by two or more people. They sign a Memorandum of Association, stating the number of shares they agree to take, and their signature is followed by the signatures of anyone else, often members of the family, who will also take shares in the company. In a private company there cannot be more than fifty members, or shareholders. The authorised capital of Harper & Grant Ltd was originally 5,000, but the company has grown, and each 1 share is now worth about 100. Each share carries a vote at a shareholders' meeting.

Wentworths, a large and successful firm who manufacture mattresses for beds, own 10% of Harper & Grant shares. Mr. Wentworth senior was a personal friend of Ambrose Harper. His firm now has an opportunity of buying some of the shares formerly belonging to Harper. Hector Grant wants to stop Wentworth getting as many shares as he owns himself for fear of upsetting the voting power at shareholders' meetings. If Wentworth owned fifty-one per cent of the shares they would have a controlling interest, and would be in a very good position to take over Harper & Grant completely. This being done, it will become a fully owned subsidiary.

Hector Grant does not want Alfred Wentworth to own too many of the shares. Having raised a loan,he buys enough of the shares to outvote A. Wentworth. It is a personal loan. It is also a short-term loan. Obtaining a loan he does not only have to pay back the money he borrowed, he also has to pay interest on it: in this case nine per cent, this is the rate of interest. The bank manager asked for security. He wanted to hold the deeds of Grant's house. But a building society lent him money long ago to buy the property, and every year he repays a proportion of the loan to them, plus interest. By now, a lot of this loan has been paid back to the building society. Probably for this reason the bank agreed to a second mortgage. If Grant could not pay back the loan within the time limit his house would have to be

---

sold and the first mortgage paid up. Then the remainder would go to the holder of the second mortgage, in this case, the bank. Very few banks will give an unsecured loan, one without any security or guarantee they will get their money back.

Hector Grant has been to hear the reading of Ambrose Harper's will. Having been informed about the distribution of Ambrose Harper’s shares, he summons his nephew Peter, the Production Manager, to talk things over.

The ing-Form				Past Participle
non-perfect		perfect
active	passive	active	passive
doing	being done	having done	having been done	done

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PRACTICE

Ask yourselves these questions when considering the -ing form.
1. When do we use the -ing form?

a. We use the -ing form as a verb (called a

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