Файл: 1. 1 There is a set of words related to the word manage. Each word has a different use. Match the.docx
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2. Most female managers prefer task-based jobs to people-centred ones.
3. Women tend to be more conscientious than men.
4. Women who do succeed in business have to become even more ruthless than men.
5. Men are not as financially aware as women.
6. Women are more likely to be the mangers of the future than men are.
2. GETTING ORGANISED. ВЫБОР
ОРГАНИЗАЦИОННОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ
2.1. Select seven of the following words and expressions that you would expect to find in a text about different ways in which companies are organized:
functional structure
to be divided into
to keep authority
to be responsible for
contract
teams
department
2.2. Which of the following three paragraphs most accurately summarizes the text, and why?
Second summary: Most business organizations have a hierarchy consisting of several levels and a clear line of command. There may also be staff positions that are not integrated into the hierarchy. The organization might also be divided into functional departments, such as production, finance, marketing, sales and personnel. Larger organizations are often further divided into autonomous divisions, each with its own functional sections. More recent organizational systems include matrix management and teams, both of which combine people from different functions and keep decisionmaking at lower levels.
2.3. Now match the Russian equivalents below with the words and expressions in bold type in the text:
1) переложить ответственность на начальство; pass on responsibility to their boss
2) система подчинения, субординация; chain of command
3) неэффективный; inefficient
4) непосредственные подчиненные; immediate subordinates
5) штатная должность; a staff position
6) несовместимые задачи; incompatible goals
7) делегирование прав и ответственности за самостоятельные решения на
более низкие уровни организации; pushing authority and autonomy down the line
8) иерархическая структура; hierarchical structure
9) (его) считают, (ему) приписывают; is credited with
10) функциональная структура; functional structure
11) поощрять внутрифирменную конкуренцию; encourage internal competition
12) автономные подразделения; autonomous divisions
13) матричная система организации (управления); matrix management
14) весь проект; entire project.
2.4. Match up the words on the left with the definitions on the right:
1) autonomous; c) independent, able to take decisions without consulting a
higher authority;
2) decentralization; e) dividing an organization into decision-making units that are
not centrally controlled;
3) function; b) a specific activity in a company, e.g. finance, production, marketing;
4) hierarchy; a) a system of authority with different levels, one above the other;
5) line authority; f) the power to give instructions to people at the level below in
the chain of command;
6) report to; g) to be responsible to someone and to take instructions from him or her.
7) subordinates; d) people working under someone else in a hierarchy;
2.5. Complete the following sentences with these words:
1. Many companies are now organised along product lines, in which each division is responsible for a group of products.
2. Mary Rowson decided to leave the firm because of her incompatibility with her boss.
3. Organisational structure concerns who reports to whom in the company and how different elements are grouped together.
4. Organising people by different levels of power and authority is known as hierarchy.
5. He doesn’t have the necessary authority to make this sort of decision.
6. Regional divisions at Ford had a large degree of autonomy from the US headquarters.
7. New managers often find it difficult to pass on responsibility to other people.
2.6. Complete the following table with the opposites of the words:
| Adjective | Opposite |
| compatible | incompatible |
| definite | indefinite |
| efficient | inefficient |
| internal | external |
| necessary | unnecessary |
| possible | impossible |
| probable | improbable |
| responsible | irresponsible |
| successful | unsuccessful |
| superior | inferior |
| traditional | untraditional |
| typical | untypical |
| Verb | Opposite |
| centralize | decentralize |
| courage | discourage |
| increase | decrease |
| Noun | Opposite |
| centralization | decentralization |
| compatibility | incompatibility |
| efficiency | inefficiency |
| possibility | impossibility |
| probability | improbability |
2.7. Fill each space in the sentences below with the correct form of the word in bold print above it:
1) autonomy
a. They proudly declared themselves a part of a new autonomous subsidiary.
b. The Brexit can be followed by another referendum to divide the United Kingdom into 4 autonomies: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
c. This is a highly decentralised company, with each of its departments operating autonomy.
2) compatible
a. He argued that free enterprise was compatible with Russian values and traditions.
b. National courts can freeze any law while its compatibility with European legislation is being tested.
c. Marriage and the life I live just seem compatible.
d. As a result of their compatibility, Haig and Fraser were not able to
bring about wide-ranging reforms at that moment.
3) centralize
a. The country needs to centralize and devolve power to regional governments.
b. It was during the period of the Czech Republic’s transition from a centralized economy to a market system.
c. The new Prime Minister increased centralization and allocated greater powers for regional authorities.
d. Nowhere in Britain has bureaucratic decentralization proceeded with more pace than in Scotland.
e. They have decentralized the company and made it less bureaucratic.
f. The German constitution is an excellent model of centralized government.
4) divide
a. The Rio Grande divides Mexico from the United States.
b. The team won the divisional championship
c. The current division of labor between workers and management will alter.
5) efficient
a. Their communication systems are an example of excellent efficiency and perfect hierarchy.
b. The positive result of recession was the closure of outdated and inefficient factories.
c. I work very efficient and I am decisive, and accurate in my judgement.
d. Energy prices have been kept low, so energy is used inefficient.
e. The efficiency of the distribution system resulted in huge losses in 2013.
6) hierarchy
a. Not everybody can fit into the traditional hierarchical system of military organization.
b. Some cultural hierarchies are stronger than others.
c. He sounded patronising and announced the news quite hierarchy.
7) structure
a. About half of those funds has gone to repair public roads, structures and bridges.
b. The explosion caused little structural damage to the office towers themselves.
c. By structure the course this way, we’re forced to produce something the companies think is valuable.
d. When we bought the house, it was structural sound, but I decided to redecorate it anyway.
8) superior
a. The technical superiority of laser discs over tape is well established.
b. Other army units are completely surrounded and cut-off from communication with their superiors.
c. He is full of a false sense of his superiority over other journalists. Sometimes he can stand there and laugh at them superior.
2.8. Sentences 1 to 9 make up a short text about different ways in which companies can be structured. Complete each sentence, by taking a middle part from the second section and an end from the third section:
1. Most organizations have a hierarchical or pyramidal structure, … i) …with a single person or a group of people at the top, … j) …and an increasing number of people below them at each successive level.
2. A clear line or chain of command runs down the hierarchy, … e) …so that all employees know who their superior or boss is, to whom they report 1) …and who their immediate subordinates are, to whom they can give instructions.
3. Some people in an organization have an assistant who helps them; … c) …can simulate decentralization, setting up divisions that use… q) …unless responsibilities have been explicitly delegated.
4. Yet the activities of most large organizations are too elaborate… r) …usually with production or operations, finance, marketing and personnel departments.
5. Large companies manufacturing a wide range of products, e.g. General Motors, … a) …are normally decentralized into separate operating divisions, … p) …they are formed to carry out a project, after which they are dissolved and their members reassigned.
6. Businesses that cannot be divided into autonomous divisions with their own markets… b) …are unable to make important decisions, but are obliged to pass on responsibility to their boss, … m) …each with its own engineering, production and sales departments.
7. An inevitable problem with hierarchies is that people at lower levels… d) …instead of the traditional departments, which are often at war with each other;
8. One solution to this problem is matrix management, in which people report to more than one superior: … g) …this is an example of a staff position: its holder has no line authority, … k) …and is not integrated into the chain of command.
9. Another, more recent, idea is to have a network of flexible groups or teams, … h) …to be organized in a single hierarchy, and require functional organization, … n) …internally determined transfer prices when dealing with each other.
2.9. Write questions to the text that could produce the following answers:
1. What structure do they have?
2. Are they organized in a simple hierarchy?
3. How did Henry Fayol organize his coal-mining business?
4. What is the main disadvantage of functional organization?
5. Who are the marketing managers?
6. How are they divided?
7. What is the division of labor mean?
2.10. Read the whole text and then complete the organization chart:
2.11. Find in the text synonyms:
1. What are the other three verbs in the text that mean the same as to consist of?
To make up of, to divide into, to compose of.
2. What is the other expression in the text that means the same as to be responsible for?
To be in charge of
3. What are the other two expressions which mean the same as to be responsible to?
To be accountable to, report to
2.12. Match the beginnings of the sentences to their endings:
1. Each team at Ford is in charge… d) …of three divisions – cars, trucks and commercial vehicles.
2. The company consists… e) …of one area of the process, whether technical, financial or marketing-based.
3. Her subordinates were responsible… f) …to her for any lost or damaged merchandise.
4. The United Nations is made up… g) …of more than 200 individual nations.
5. The Chief Executive Officer reports… c) …to Parliament.
6. Ford has divided the world… a) …into four regions.
7. The audience was composed largely… i) …of young people.
8. All government ministers are accountable… b) …to the Board of Directors.
9. The new arts organisation includes… h) …dancers, teachers, accountable singers and musicians
2.13. Complete these sentences with a preposition where necessary:
1. The Committee is composed of MPs, doctors and academics.
2. The company consists of five main departments.
3. The five department heads are accountable to the Managing Director.
4. The marketing department is in charge of the sales force.
5. The marketing department is responsible for advertising, sales promotions and market research.
6. The marketing department is made up of three units.
7. The sales department is divided into two sections.
8. I’ve lost a file containing a lot of important documents.
2.14. Match the job title with the best definition on the right.
JOB TITLES
1. Chief Executive Officer (CEO) e) american english term for the top manager of a company.
2. Information Systems Director g) the person responsible for computer operations in a сompany.
3. Purchasing Director a) manager responsible for buying.
4. Human Resources Director j) manager responsible for personnel issues.
5. Systems Analyst b) person who designs computer networks.
6. Managing Director c) british english term for senior manager of a company.
7. Marketing Director h) person responsible for managing product development,
promotion, customer service, and selling.
8. Production Director d) manager responsible for the process of creating goods or
services for sale to customers.
9. Customer Service Manager k) person responsible for relationships with customers.
10.Staff Development Officer f) person responsible for setting up training opportunities for employees.
11.Finance Director l) person responsible for presentation and control of profit and loss.
12.Exports Manager i) person responsible for markets in other countries.
2.16. Translate the following sentences into English paying particular attention to rendering the words and expressions in bold type:
1. He decided to leave the company because of incompatibility with his work colleagues.
2. The range of issues is so wide that delegation is simply an objective necessity.
3. The US has developed the most efficient (rational) ways of of food production.
4. This company has a very rigid hierarchical structure.
5. He was offered an executive position in Cairo.
6. To whom does the head of the logistics department report?
7. Who will be in charge of the department when you leave?
8. A matrix structure is most common in organisations that produce a wide range of products.
2.17. A. Fill in the ? ? ? gaps with the following words: Discount, Fidel Castro, Housing, Internet, Johnson and Johnson, KGB, Mafia, Police, Ukraine.
B. Decide, whether the passages are about the phenomena of ‘centralization’ or‘decentralization’, and fill in the №_____ gaps with the derivatives from the verb ‘to centralize’.
A. Mafia name for an open-ended association of criminal groups, sometimes bound by a blood oath and sworn to secrecy. The Mafia first developed in Sicily in feudal times to protect the estates of absentee landlords. By the 19th century it had become a network of criminal bands the dominated Sicilian countryside. The members were bounded by Ometa, a rigid code of conduct that included avoiding all contact and cooperation with authorities. The Mafia had neither a 1 central organization nor a hierarchy; it consisted of many small groups, each autonomous within its own district.
B. The Internet has made it possible for people all over the world to communicate effectively and inexpensively with each other. Unlike traditional broadcasting media, such as radio and television, the Internet is a 2 decentralized system. Each connected individual can communicate with anyone else on the Internet, can publish ideas, and can sell products.
C. The KGB was a highly 3 centralised hierarchical organization, headed by a chairman and several deputies, who together formed the key decision making body, the KGB Collegium. At its headquarters in Moscow the KGB was divided into several directorates, or departments, each with a different functional responsibility. D. After World War II, the Allied occupational forces introduced the British-American style of 4 centralised Police forces to West Germany, partly to prevent a return to a national military force. The experiment was not totally successful, however, and a compromise currently exists between a national force and 5 centralisation. Germany is organized into semiautonomous provinces or states, each with its own independently elected state government, judiciary and Police.
E. Other countries face somewhat different problems with Housing. Great Britain and much of Western Europe grappled with suburbanization and the 6 centralisation of cities. In the former USSR demand for more private dwelling space has increased.
F. Since taking office, Fidel Castro has 7 centralised administrative authority in the capital and in the hands of the executive. Education in the country is 8 centralised under the ministry of education.
G. In 1932 Robert Wood Johnson became president of the Johnson and Johnson company. He developed a business philosophy that emphasized 9 centralisation and autonomy for the company’s growing number of divisions.
H. Although Ukraine was a unitary state, its constitution allowed for a considerable degree of 10 decentralisation. The country was divided into 24 oblasts (districts) and one autonomous republic, Crimes. The cities of Kyiv and Sevastopol had special status.
I. In countries in which the banking system is organized on a 11 decentralised basis, Discount is determined in large part by the central banks. In the US these rates are established in part by the Federal Reserve System to control the volume of credit and thus stimulate or slow the economy.
2.18. Translate the following sentences into English paying particular attention to rendering the words and expressions in bold type:
1. The Board of Directors set the President an elusive task: they decided to change the hierarchical structure of the company and the entire management system.
2. The entrepreneur is not accountable to anyone and does not report to any senior management.
3. Under the new decentralisation plan, each member of the board of directors will be responsible for a different area of the company. The vice-presidents of the company will become a mere link in the chain of command.
4. As a result of centralisation, the accounting department will report directly to the vice president of finance.
5. He assumes the position that has been vacant since January. He will work in the calendar planning department, which has become an independent unit following the decentralisation of the company.
6. The company consists of 10 structural units. The most responsible people occupy the top management positions in the assembly department and in the quality control department.