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vice versa— навпаки.
2. Words and expressions for the text comprehension: integrated circuit — інтегральна схема; to provide with — забезпечувати; read-only memory (ROM) —доступна тільки для читання пам'ять; interactive video computer terminal — інтерактивний комп'ютерний відеотермінал; line printer — пристрій рядкового друку; control element— елемент управління; number system — числова система; decimal number system — система десяткових чисел; microprocessor-based system — система на основі мікропроцесора; binary number system — двійкова система чисел; assembler language — мова асемблера; shorthand number system — стенографічна система чисел; octal — вісімковий; hexadecimal — шістнадцятковий; no matter how large or small — незважаючи на те, якої величини.
A microprocessor is an integrated circuit (1С) that performs many of the functions found in a digital computer. A single microprocessor 1С is capable of performing all the arithmetic and control functions of a computer. By itself, a typical microprocessor 1С does not contain the memories and input/ output (I/O) functions of a computer. However, when these functions are provided with additional ICs, a microcomputer is formed.
Typically, a basic microcomputer requires a read-only memory (ROM) to store the computer program or instructions, a random-access memory (RAM) to store temporary data (the information to be acted upon by the computer program), and an I/O 1С to make the system compatible with outside or (peripheral) equipment such as an interactive video computer terminal, teletype, or line printer. There are some ICs that contain some, or all, of these functions. In effect, when an 1С contains all of the basic functions, the 1С is a computer on achip. However, this is not the typical case.
Microprocessors are sometimes referred to as microprocessor units (MPU) or control processor units (CPU) (CPU can sometimes mean central processor unit). A microprocessor is not always used in digital computer applications. Instead, the microprocessor is used as a controller. As a matter of interest, the microprocessor was originally developed as the control element for those applications where digital computer function (the ability to store and execute a complete program automatically) was too large or expensive. Sometimes, the microprocessor is called a microcontroller when used in these control applications.
The term minicomputer can be applied to many relatively small and relatively simple computers. A minicomputer often contains many ICs, but not necessarily a microprocessor 1С.
Number Systems
in Microprocessors / Microcomputers
The decimal number system is generally used in the world outside the microprocessor. Inside a microprocessor-based system, the binary number system is used most often. This is because binary numbers are compatible with the electrical pulses used in digital or logic systems. Binary numbers use only two digits, 0 or 1. The zero can be represented by the absence of a pulse, with the 1 being represented by the presence of a pulse (vice versa in some systems). The pulses can be positive or negative without affecting the binary number system (as long as only two states exist). In any event, to understand the language of microprocessor-based systems (generally referred to as machine language), it becomes necessary to examine number systems in general and the binary number system in particular.
Although microprocessors use binary numbers in the form of pulses, most microcomputer systems use some other form of number system for assembly of computer programs (generally referred to as assembly language). This is because binary numbers (although compatible with pulses) are cumbersome when the values are beyond a few digits. Shorthand number systems are used to enter and read out programs and data in a microcomputer system. The most common shorthand number systems used for microcomputer programming are the octal, hexadecimal (or hex), binary-coded decimal (or BCD), and alphanumeric systems. •
The binary number system uses only two digits, 0 and 1. In all number systems, digits are assigned positional weights, or values, , so that numbers can be written to express all quantities, no matter how large or small.
I. Comprehension questions:
I. What do we call a microcomputer? 2. What functions do some ICs contain? 3. What purpose was the microprocessor originally developed for? 4. How many digits does the binary system use? 5. Where are the electrical pulses used? 6. What is necessary for understanding the machine language? 7. Why must microcomputer systems use shorthand number systems? 8. What does the real value of a digit depend on?
II. Discussion questions:
1. What functions is a single microprocessor 1С capable of performing? 2. How is a microcomputer formed? 3. What is a microcomputer on a chip? 4. Why is the microprocessor sometimes called a microcontroller? 5. What do the 0 and 1 digits represent? 6. What number systems are there? 7. What way does the positional weight of the digit increase?
III. Speak on the arithmetical operations by electrical means.
IV. Render the text into Ukrainian.
V. Group activities:
a) Large-scale integration (LSI) in electronics.
b) How many separate electronic components can a chip contain?
c) What have minicomputers, microcomputers, microprocessors and microcontrollers in common?
d) Define the computer's hardware and software.
Lesson 3-4
1. Read and translate the text:
ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRONICS
“Atomic Age” is the name often applied to the period in which we live. It is also frequently referred to as the “Air Age”. These terms emphasize the importance of science and invention in our time. But we can speak of an age that has prepared the way for these and includes them all — the “Age of Electricity and Electronics."
From the remarkable achievements of nuclear science and the noticeable progress in aviation to the innumerable discoveries that have added comfort and convenience to our daily lives, we are constantly dependent upon electricity and electronics.
It is very difficult to separate the meaning of the two words "electricity" and "electronics". The field of electricity is usually thought of as electricity that is used in magnets, generators, motors, lights and heaters.
The field of electronics is usually thought of as electricity that is used in radio, television, and other equipment where electron tubes and transistors are needed.
Basically electronics is not so much a new subject as a new way of looking at electricity. All electrical effects are really electronic because all electric currents result from the movements of electrons, and all electric charges are due to the accumulation of electrons.
Electronics is the science or practice of using electricity in devices similar to radio tubes so as to get results not possible with ordinary electrical equipment.
Although electronics has received greater attention in recent years, we have been using electronic equipment for half of a century. Radio, television, sound pictures, fluorescent lighting and long-distance telephone calls owe their existence to electronics. As most of these familiar equipments serve to carry or give information one may say that communication has been the major purpose of electronics.
Electronics is closely connected with a series of discoveries and inventions which have revolutionized the life of man in this twentieth century. In 1883 Thomas A. Edison discovered current conduction through gas in an incandescent lamp. This phenomenon known as the Edison effect marked the birth of electronic science. The Edison effect was followed by the discoveries of electromagnetic waves, X-rays, wireless communication and at last by the invention of the two-electrode detector or the "valve". These basic discoveries and a lot of others have produced what is known as electronics.
Nothing can be done in modern research laboratory without the aid of electricity and electronics. Nearly all of the measuring devices used in industry and research are electrically operated. Electronics has found broad application in industry as a means of automation, control and inspection, and as a direct means of fulfilling such operations as melting, cutting of superhard materials and welding.
REVISION EXERSICES
I.Changethe following sentences from Active into Passive Voice
1. My brother carries out many interesting experiments in our lab. 2. The engineer often gives the workers instructions. 3. The teacher often shows the students new devices, 4. In the assemble shop the workers assemble parts and fit them on the body of the machine. 5. My friend sends me two reference books a year. 6. In the engineering shop engineers repair engines. 7, The postman brings us newspapers and letters in the morning.
II. Use the Present Indefinite Passive. Mind the place of the Preposition in the sentences. Translate the sentences:
1. We always look through the results of your experiments with great interest. 2. Students speak much of the new device which is used for measuring pressure. 3, They often refer to the facts given by you. 4. Many students attend your lectures. 5. He always looks through my reports. 6. The discussion usually follows the experiments. 7. We look upon crude oil as one of the most useful products. 8. What do we obtain petrol and paraffin from?
III. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Predicate in the Present, Past, Future Perfect Passive Voice
1. Electronics has made a rapid progress. A further progress has been made in microwave systems. 2. When the designer came we had already installed new equipment. New equipment had been installed in our shop when the designer returned to the plant. 3. By the end of this week the students will have conducted all the experiments. By 8 o'clock all the experiments will have been conducted. 4. T he radar has been used for automatic control of automobiles. 5. The majority of valves have already been replaced with tiny transistors. 6. By the middle of the 19th century about 60 elements had been discovered. 7. By he end of t he year a large variety of semiconductor devices will have been produced.
IV. Put the Verbs in brackets in the required tense form and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
1. We believed that we (can) get seats a first-class compartment.
2. I knew that Fred usually (to travel) second-class.
3. I hoped if I (to go) by the 10 o'clock train I (not to have to) change.
He didn't know that it (to be) to start.
We knew that the 2 o'clock train (to start) already and decided to go
by the next train.
6. I didn't know that it (to be) a slow train.
7. We hoped that our friend (to be able) to come to the station in time.
8. I thought I (no to be able) to get to the station in 30 minutes and I (to
have) to take a taxi.
9. I knew that we (to have) to have a snack at the station as there (to
be) no buffet-car on the train.
V. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the meaning word "time":
time: 1. The world exists in space and time. 2. Six o'clock is a point of time; six hours is a period of time. 3. The conductivity of this alloy is about 10 times that of iron. 4. Four times five is (are) twenty. 5. Iron was first used in prehistoric times. 6. For the first time a scientific study of the atmosphere of Venus was done practically simultaneously in two parts of the planet. 7. Saturn is twelve times the distance of the Earth from the Sun. 8. The pulsesof radar are timed in such a way that the same aerial (антена) can be used for reception as well as for transmission.
VI. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the different meanings of the word "number"
number: 1. There is a large number of new books in our library. 2. One, five, thirteen and sixty are numbers. 3. Automated production needs large numbers of skilled workers. 4. All atoms of the same element have the same atomic number. 5. Our achievements in producing new kinds of materials increase in number.
VII. Render from English into Ukrainian
Lesson 5
Read and translate the text.
The Concept of the Electrical Current 1
In the beginning of the 17th century Sir William Gilbert discovered that many substances could be electrified by friction. Gilbert named this effect'"electric" after the word "electron" — the Greek name for amber. In 1756 the great Russian scientist .M. V.Lomonosov was the first to make theoretical analysis of electrical phenomena. At present the nature electrification is explained by the electron theory. According |to the modern theory all matter is composed of atoms or tiny particles.
There are many kinds' of atoms. Each atom consists of a nucleus, a small positively charged mass and a number of lighter negatively charged particles called electrons, which revolve around the nucleus. Normally each atom of a substance is electrically neutral, or it has equal amounts of negative and positive charges, i.e.
produces no electrical effects. If the number of negative charges is not equal to the number of positive charges, the matter will produce electrical effects.
When an electric charge is at rest it is spoken of as static electricity, but when it is in motion it is referred to as an electric current. In most cases, an electric current is described as a flow of electric charges along a conductor.
Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following:
To electrify substances by friction
to make theoretical analysis of electrical phenomena
the nature of electrical phenomena,
atoms or tiny particles,
nucleus,
positively(negatively) charged particles,
to revolve around the nucleus
electrical effect,
static electricity,
electric current,
the flow of electric charges along the conductor.
Answer the following questions;
1.What invention appeared in the 17-th century?
2.Who make the theoretical analysis of electrical phenomena?
3.What does the modern electron theory emphersize?
4.What is the atom?
Read and translate the text.
Lesson 6
The Concept of the Electrical Current 2
Not all substances are good conductors of electricity, as a general rule metals are good conductors of electricity, whereas nonmetals are poor conductors. The poorest of conductors are commonly called insulators or nonconductors. There are a large number of substances that are neither good conductors of electricity nor good insulators. These substances are called semi-conductors.
An electric current which flows in the same direction through a conductor or a current which does not change its polarity is called a direct, current or a continuous current. Its abbreviation'is D. C. An alternating current (A. C.) flows first in one direction and then in the other.
An electric circuit is a path through which an electric current flows. This is a complete path along which electrons can transmit their charges. An electric circuit includes ; battery, generator, or magnetic means for producing current flow . Some portion of the circuit is made to do useful work.
The circuit is said to be open when no charges can move due to a break in the path. The circuit is said to be closed when no break exists — when switches are closed and all connections, are properly made.
Special symbols are used to show electrical systems. There is a wide range of these symbols. There are some of them which are used when we draw circuits. And now look at the diagram of series and parallel arrangements.
Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following:
Substances,
conductors,
insulators,
to change the polarity,
continuous current,
a battery,
a generator,
to produce current flow,
to transmit the charges.
Answer the following questions;
1.How are the poor conductors called?
2.What are semi-conductors?
3.What is called a direct current or continuous current
Read and translate the text.
Lesson 7
1. Read and translate the text:
Living with Computers
Computers: friend ….
A. People who have grown up with PCs and microchips are often called the digital generation. This is how some people answered when questioned about the use of computers in their lives.
“I have a GPS. Global Positioning System, fitted in my car. With this navigation system I never get lost. And the DVD recorder is perfect for my children’s entertainment.”
“I use an interactive whiteboard, like a large touchscreen monitor at school. I find computers very useful in education.”
“ Assistive technology for people with disabilities has helped me a lot. I can hardly see, so I use a screen reader, a program that reads aloud onscreen text, menus and icons.”
“This new HMD head mounted display, allows me to watch films, and enjoy virtual reality, the artificial environment of the latest video games.”
“The upgraded wireless network at my university is great: we can connect our laptops, PDA and Wi-Fi cell phones to he network anywhere in the campus. Communication is becoming easier and easier.”
2. Words and expressions for the text comprehension: integrated circuit — інтегральна схема; to provide with — забезпечувати; read-only memory (ROM) —доступна тільки для читання пам'ять; interactive video computer terminal — інтерактивний комп'ютерний відеотермінал; line printer — пристрій рядкового друку; control element— елемент управління; number system — числова система; decimal number system — система десяткових чисел; microprocessor-based system — система на основі мікропроцесора; binary number system — двійкова система чисел; assembler language — мова асемблера; shorthand number system — стенографічна система чисел; octal — вісімковий; hexadecimal — шістнадцятковий; no matter how large or small — незважаючи на те, якої величини.
A microprocessor is an integrated circuit (1С) that performs many of the functions found in a digital computer. A single microprocessor 1С is capable of performing all the arithmetic and control functions of a computer. By itself, a typical microprocessor 1С does not contain the memories and input/ output (I/O) functions of a computer. However, when these functions are provided with additional ICs, a microcomputer is formed.
Typically, a basic microcomputer requires a read-only memory (ROM) to store the computer program or instructions, a random-access memory (RAM) to store temporary data (the information to be acted upon by the computer program), and an I/O 1С to make the system compatible with outside or (peripheral) equipment such as an interactive video computer terminal, teletype, or line printer. There are some ICs that contain some, or all, of these functions. In effect, when an 1С contains all of the basic functions, the 1С is a computer on achip. However, this is not the typical case.
Microprocessors are sometimes referred to as microprocessor units (MPU) or control processor units (CPU) (CPU can sometimes mean central processor unit). A microprocessor is not always used in digital computer applications. Instead, the microprocessor is used as a controller. As a matter of interest, the microprocessor was originally developed as the control element for those applications where digital computer function (the ability to store and execute a complete program automatically) was too large or expensive. Sometimes, the microprocessor is called a microcontroller when used in these control applications.
The term minicomputer can be applied to many relatively small and relatively simple computers. A minicomputer often contains many ICs, but not necessarily a microprocessor 1С.
Number Systems
in Microprocessors / Microcomputers
The decimal number system is generally used in the world outside the microprocessor. Inside a microprocessor-based system, the binary number system is used most often. This is because binary numbers are compatible with the electrical pulses used in digital or logic systems. Binary numbers use only two digits, 0 or 1. The zero can be represented by the absence of a pulse, with the 1 being represented by the presence of a pulse (vice versa in some systems). The pulses can be positive or negative without affecting the binary number system (as long as only two states exist). In any event, to understand the language of microprocessor-based systems (generally referred to as machine language), it becomes necessary to examine number systems in general and the binary number system in particular.
Although microprocessors use binary numbers in the form of pulses, most microcomputer systems use some other form of number system for assembly of computer programs (generally referred to as assembly language). This is because binary numbers (although compatible with pulses) are cumbersome when the values are beyond a few digits. Shorthand number systems are used to enter and read out programs and data in a microcomputer system. The most common shorthand number systems used for microcomputer programming are the octal, hexadecimal (or hex), binary-coded decimal (or BCD), and alphanumeric systems. •
The binary number system uses only two digits, 0 and 1. In all number systems, digits are assigned positional weights, or values, , so that numbers can be written to express all quantities, no matter how large or small.
I. Comprehension questions:
I. What do we call a microcomputer? 2. What functions do some ICs contain? 3. What purpose was the microprocessor originally developed for? 4. How many digits does the binary system use? 5. Where are the electrical pulses used? 6. What is necessary for understanding the machine language? 7. Why must microcomputer systems use shorthand number systems? 8. What does the real value of a digit depend on?
II. Discussion questions:
1. What functions is a single microprocessor 1С capable of performing? 2. How is a microcomputer formed? 3. What is a microcomputer on a chip? 4. Why is the microprocessor sometimes called a microcontroller? 5. What do the 0 and 1 digits represent? 6. What number systems are there? 7. What way does the positional weight of the digit increase?
III. Speak on the arithmetical operations by electrical means.
IV. Render the text into Ukrainian.
V. Group activities:
a) Large-scale integration (LSI) in electronics.
b) How many separate electronic components can a chip contain?
c) What have minicomputers, microcomputers, microprocessors and microcontrollers in common?
d) Define the computer's hardware and software.
Lesson 3-4
1. Read and translate the text:
ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRONICS
“Atomic Age” is the name often applied to the period in which we live. It is also frequently referred to as the “Air Age”. These terms emphasize the importance of science and invention in our time. But we can speak of an age that has prepared the way for these and includes them all — the “Age of Electricity and Electronics."
From the remarkable achievements of nuclear science and the noticeable progress in aviation to the innumerable discoveries that have added comfort and convenience to our daily lives, we are constantly dependent upon electricity and electronics.
It is very difficult to separate the meaning of the two words "electricity" and "electronics". The field of electricity is usually thought of as electricity that is used in magnets, generators, motors, lights and heaters.
The field of electronics is usually thought of as electricity that is used in radio, television, and other equipment where electron tubes and transistors are needed.
Basically electronics is not so much a new subject as a new way of looking at electricity. All electrical effects are really electronic because all electric currents result from the movements of electrons, and all electric charges are due to the accumulation of electrons.
Electronics is the science or practice of using electricity in devices similar to radio tubes so as to get results not possible with ordinary electrical equipment.
Although electronics has received greater attention in recent years, we have been using electronic equipment for half of a century. Radio, television, sound pictures, fluorescent lighting and long-distance telephone calls owe their existence to electronics. As most of these familiar equipments serve to carry or give information one may say that communication has been the major purpose of electronics.
Electronics is closely connected with a series of discoveries and inventions which have revolutionized the life of man in this twentieth century. In 1883 Thomas A. Edison discovered current conduction through gas in an incandescent lamp. This phenomenon known as the Edison effect marked the birth of electronic science. The Edison effect was followed by the discoveries of electromagnetic waves, X-rays, wireless communication and at last by the invention of the two-electrode detector or the "valve". These basic discoveries and a lot of others have produced what is known as electronics.
Nothing can be done in modern research laboratory without the aid of electricity and electronics. Nearly all of the measuring devices used in industry and research are electrically operated. Electronics has found broad application in industry as a means of automation, control and inspection, and as a direct means of fulfilling such operations as melting, cutting of superhard materials and welding.
REVISION EXERSICES
I.Changethe following sentences from Active into Passive Voice
1. My brother carries out many interesting experiments in our lab. 2. The engineer often gives the workers instructions. 3. The teacher often shows the students new devices, 4. In the assemble shop the workers assemble parts and fit them on the body of the machine. 5. My friend sends me two reference books a year. 6. In the engineering shop engineers repair engines. 7, The postman brings us newspapers and letters in the morning.
II. Use the Present Indefinite Passive. Mind the place of the Preposition in the sentences. Translate the sentences:
1. We always look through the results of your experiments with great interest. 2. Students speak much of the new device which is used for measuring pressure. 3, They often refer to the facts given by you. 4. Many students attend your lectures. 5. He always looks through my reports. 6. The discussion usually follows the experiments. 7. We look upon crude oil as one of the most useful products. 8. What do we obtain petrol and paraffin from?
III. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Predicate in the Present, Past, Future Perfect Passive Voice
1. Electronics has made a rapid progress. A further progress has been made in microwave systems. 2. When the designer came we had already installed new equipment. New equipment had been installed in our shop when the designer returned to the plant. 3. By the end of this week the students will have conducted all the experiments. By 8 o'clock all the experiments will have been conducted. 4. T he radar has been used for automatic control of automobiles. 5. The majority of valves have already been replaced with tiny transistors. 6. By the middle of the 19th century about 60 elements had been discovered. 7. By he end of t he year a large variety of semiconductor devices will have been produced.
IV. Put the Verbs in brackets in the required tense form and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
1. We believed that we (can) get seats a first-class compartment.
2. I knew that Fred usually (to travel) second-class.
3. I hoped if I (to go) by the 10 o'clock train I (not to have to) change.
He didn't know that it (to be) to start.
We knew that the 2 o'clock train (to start) already and decided to go
by the next train.
6. I didn't know that it (to be) a slow train.
7. We hoped that our friend (to be able) to come to the station in time.
8. I thought I (no to be able) to get to the station in 30 minutes and I (to
have) to take a taxi.
9. I knew that we (to have) to have a snack at the station as there (to
be) no buffet-car on the train.
V. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the meaning word "time":
time: 1. The world exists in space and time. 2. Six o'clock is a point of time; six hours is a period of time. 3. The conductivity of this alloy is about 10 times that of iron. 4. Four times five is (are) twenty. 5. Iron was first used in prehistoric times. 6. For the first time a scientific study of the atmosphere of Venus was done practically simultaneously in two parts of the planet. 7. Saturn is twelve times the distance of the Earth from the Sun. 8. The pulsesof radar are timed in such a way that the same aerial (антена) can be used for reception as well as for transmission.
VI. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the different meanings of the word "number"
number: 1. There is a large number of new books in our library. 2. One, five, thirteen and sixty are numbers. 3. Automated production needs large numbers of skilled workers. 4. All atoms of the same element have the same atomic number. 5. Our achievements in producing new kinds of materials increase in number.
VII. Render from English into Ukrainian
Lesson 5
Read and translate the text.
The Concept of the Electrical Current 1
In the beginning of the 17th century Sir William Gilbert discovered that many substances could be electrified by friction. Gilbert named this effect'"electric" after the word "electron" — the Greek name for amber. In 1756 the great Russian scientist .M. V.Lomonosov was the first to make theoretical analysis of electrical phenomena. At present the nature electrification is explained by the electron theory. According |to the modern theory all matter is composed of atoms or tiny particles. There are many kinds' of atoms. Each atom consists of a nucleus, a small positively charged mass and a number of lighter negatively charged particles called electrons, which revolve around the nucleus. Normally each atom of a substance is electrically neutral, or it has equal amounts of negative and positive charges, i.e.
produces no electrical effects. If the number of negative charges is not equal to the number of positive charges, the matter will produce electrical effects.When an electric charge is at rest it is spoken of as static electricity, but when it is in motion it is referred to as an electric current. In most cases, an electric current is described as a flow of electric charges along a conductor.
Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following:
To electrify substances by friction
to make theoretical analysis of electrical phenomena
the nature of electrical phenomena,
atoms or tiny particles,
nucleus,
positively(negatively) charged particles,
to revolve around the nucleus
electrical effect,
static electricity,
electric current,
the flow of electric charges along the conductor.
Answer the following questions;
1.What invention appeared in the 17-th century?
2.Who make the theoretical analysis of electrical phenomena?
3.What does the modern electron theory emphersize?
4.What is the atom?
Read and translate the text.
Lesson 6
The Concept of the Electrical Current 2
Not all substances are good conductors of electricity, as a general rule metals are good conductors of electricity, whereas nonmetals are poor conductors. The poorest of conductors are commonly called insulators or nonconductors. There are a large number of substances that are neither good conductors of electricity nor good insulators. These substances are called semi-conductors.
An electric current which flows in the same direction through a conductor or a current which does not change its polarity is called a direct, current or a continuous current. Its abbreviation'is D. C. An alternating current (A. C.) flows first in one direction and then in the other.
An electric circuit is a path through which an electric current flows. This is a complete path along which electrons can transmit their charges. An electric circuit includes ; battery, generator, or magnetic means for producing current flow . Some portion of the circuit is made to do useful work.
The circuit is said to be open when no charges can move due to a break in the path. The circuit is said to be closed when no break exists — when switches are closed and all connections, are properly made.
Special symbols are used to show electrical systems. There is a wide range of these symbols. There are some of them which are used when we draw circuits. And now look at the diagram of series and parallel arrangements.
Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following:
Substances,
conductors,
insulators,
to change the polarity,
continuous current,
a battery,
a generator,
to produce current flow,
to transmit the charges.
Answer the following questions;
1.How are the poor conductors called?
2.What are semi-conductors?
3.What is called a direct current or continuous current
Read and translate the text.
Lesson 7
1. Read and translate the text:
Living with Computers
Computers: friend ….
A. People who have grown up with PCs and microchips are often called the digital generation. This is how some people answered when questioned about the use of computers in their lives.
“I have a GPS. Global Positioning System, fitted in my car. With this navigation system I never get lost. And the DVD recorder is perfect for my children’s entertainment.”
“I use an interactive whiteboard, like a large touchscreen monitor at school. I find computers very useful in education.”
“ Assistive technology for people with disabilities has helped me a lot. I can hardly see, so I use a screen reader, a program that reads aloud onscreen text, menus and icons.”
“This new HMD head mounted display, allows me to watch films, and enjoy virtual reality, the artificial environment of the latest video games.”
“The upgraded wireless network at my university is great: we can connect our laptops, PDA and Wi-Fi cell phones to he network anywhere in the campus. Communication is becoming easier and easier.”
-
…. Or foe ?
-
Our society has deve4loped technological dependence. When computers are down, our way of life breaks down: planes stop flying, telephones don’t work, and banks have to close. -
Computers produce electronic waste, plastic cases and microchips that are not biodegradable and have to be recycled or just thrown away. -
They are responsible for health problems: computer addiction, an inappropriate and excessive use of computers. -
Cybercrimes, crime committed with t6he help of computers, is creating serious problems. -
Citizens may feel a loss of privacy because of unauthorized use of personal data or receiving unwanted electronic messages.
-
Complete these sentences with words from A opposite.