Файл: Учебное пособие предназначено для самостоятельной работы студентовзаочников инженерного факультета Ярославской государственной сельскохозяйственной академии.doc
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Among the typical operations .... by the latest tractors there are plowing, cultivating, harrowing, sowing, harvesting and others..
a) performing
b) performed
c) being performed
14. Smaller tractors may cause delay in field operations, .....in a lower crop yields.
a) resulted
b) resulting
c) having resulted
15. ……farm machinery in top mechanical condition we can improve field working efficiency.
a) Kept
b) Having kept
c) Keeping
X. Переведите на русский язык и выучите наизусть следующие диалоги.
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Nan: Who is he?
Jack: He’s my father.
Nan: What’s his name?
Jack: His name is John Adams
Nan: Is he a doctor?
Jack: No, he isn’t.
Nan: Is he a pilot?
Jack: No, he isn’t a pilot.
Nan: What is he then?
Jack: He is an engineer.
Nan: Is he from America?
Jack: No, he isn’t.
Nan: Where is he from?
Jack: He’s from Great Britain.
Nan: Where are you from?
Jack: I’m from Great Britain, too.
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- Mr. Soames: Hello. Could I speak to Mr. Black, please?
Rose: Sorry, but he can’t come to the phone. He is cooking in the kitchen.
Mr. S: What’s he cooking?
R.: He is making a cake.
Mr. S: Could I speak to Mrs. Black?
R.: No, I’m afraid you can’t. She’s working in the garden.
Mr. S.: Could I speak to Tom then?
R.: No, I’m afraid you can’t. He’s at school.
Mr. S.: What’s he doing at school today?
R.: He’s playing tennis. He always plays tennis on Sundays.
Mr. S.: Oh, thank you. I’ll phone later.
3. – Can you tell me where the club is?
– Turn to the left and go straight ahead.
– Thank you very much.
– That’s all right.
– How can I get to the cinema from here?
– Go along Pushkin street. Turn to the right. The cinema is on your left.
– Thank you.
– You are welcome!
Текст__№_4_The_Internal_Combustion_Engine_and_its_Parts.'>Текст__№_3_Importance_of_Machinery_and_Energy_in_Agriculture.'>Текст__№_2_Combine_Harvester.'>Текст__№_1_Implements.'>Тексты для самостоятельного чтения и перевода на русский язык
Текст № 1
Implements.
The Plow. The modern plow is mounted directly behind the tractor, attached to the three – pointed linkage. It is raised and lowered hydraulically. The typical mounted plow consists of a frame, which is attached to the tractor. The main components in contact with the soil are the coulter, the share, the moldboard and the landside. The coulter is carried by the frame of the plow. The share, moldboard and landside are all bolted to the frog which in turn is bolted to the leg of the plow. The plow leg is carried by the frame.
The moldboard is the part of the plow which turns the furrow over.
Cultivators. The heavy cultivators are used for breaking up ground, prior to plowing. They consist of two rows of tines mounted on a strong frame and are known as rigid tine cultivators.
Harrow. A harrow is an implement used to level up the ground and crush a large number of clods after the digging operations. It stirs the soil and prevents and destroys weeds. Under some conditions harrows can be used to cover seeds.
Disk harrows are used before plowing to cut up vegetable matter. They are used after plowing to pulverize the soil. They can be used for cultivation of crops and summer fallowing. When seeds are sown broadcast, harrows are used to cover them.
Текст № 2
Combine Harvester.
Harvesting the crop under the best conditions, the grower uses several harvesting machines: hay harvesting, grain harvesting, root crop harvesting machines etc.
The grain combine is adapted to harvest all the small grains, soy beans, rice as well as many other crops.
There are two general types of combines: the pull or tractor-drawn and the self-propelled machines.
The basic operational functions of a combine can be divided as follows:
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cutting the standing grain, -
separating the grain from the straw, -
cleaning the grain by removing chaff, -
handling the grain from the combine to the tank or the truck.
The combine harvester is a machine that requires careful and systematic lubrication. There are many oiling points, some of which will require attention more than once daily, others daily and some weekly. It is worth while for a combine driver to spend an hour each morning attending to lubrication servicing and other maintenance jobs that need to be done. If a combine is of self-propelled type it will be powered by an engine and this will require the same sort of attention as does a tractor engine. These are the air cleaner and the radiator. A combine works in very dusty conditions therefore the operator must ensure that neither of these units become with dirt.
Each morning before work the combine operator should do at least the following:
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Remove any trash that may have collected around drive pulleys. -
Check the cutting mechanisms. -
Check the tensions of the drive chains and belts. -
Lubricate all oiling points.
Текст № 3
Importance of Machinery and Energy in Agriculture.
More and more machines are used on farms today replacing hand labour and increasing labour productivity. With machines and power available farmers not only can do it more economically, but they can do higher-quality work and the work may be finished in a shorter and more favourable time.
Machines are used for crop production include those that till the soil, plant the crops, perform various cultural practices during the growing season and harvest the crops.
Machines are known to be powered by tractors. Implements such as plows, cultivators and planters may be mounted on a tractor or they may be pulled by a tractor.
However, an increasing number of farm machines are now self-propelled. These machines are grain combine harvesters, cotton pickers, forage harvesters, and many other specialized farm machines.
Machines that do not require mobility are usually powered with electric motors. Such machines include silage unloaders, livestock feeding equipment and milking machines.
Farm machines we use today are quite different from those the farmers used two or even one decade ago. The tractors, tractor-drawn planters and drills were smaller and less productive. They could plant fewer acres per day than the machines do now.
Текст № 4
The Internal Combustion Engine and its Parts.
Most tractors are powered by internal combustion engines. The international combustion engine is a form of heat engine and the name “heat engine” is given to it because heat energy, produced by the burning of fuel within the engine, is changed into mechanical energy. The power, which is produced by the engine, is transmitted through various mechanisms until it reaches the rear wheels which rotate. In any internal combustion engine there are a number of essential parts that perform different functions. The parts making up the internal combustion engine are as follows: 1. Base or frame 2. Cylinder 3. Cylinder head 4. Piston 5. Piston rings 6. Piston pin 7. Connecting rod 8. Crankshaft 9. Flywheel 10. Camshaft 11. Valves
The base or frame of an engine is that part, usually madу of cast iron, to which all parts of the engine are attached.
The cylinder is a tube or pipe with a very smooth interior finish. A round piston moves in the cylinder. The block is a group of cylinders cast in one piece.
The crankcase is usually made of cast iron. It confines the lubricating oil and supports the rotating crankshaft.
The oil pan is usually bolted to the underside of the crankcase.
The cylinder head is bolted to that end of the cylinder which is away from the crankcase.
Текст № 5
Machine Building.
All sorts of machines, mechanisms, machine-tools, instruments and apparatuses are produced by machine-building industry. Every year it produces many types and kinds of machines, including giant turbo generators and high-precision machine-tools automatic devices, powerful building machinery and high-precision instruments, electronic computers.
There is, of course, an enormous number of different machines and although each of them consists of different parts and elements, there are some machines elements that are common to most machines.
Every machine has a frame on which the other parts are mounted and the method of joining these parts to each other is more or less the same in all machines.
To design a machine or a structure it is necessary for an engineer to know various forces acting upon the members of a structure. He is to have at his disposal formulae to calculate the member loading capacity due to the shape, dimensions and material of the member. Such formulae are based on experimental study of mechanical properties of materials and on the analytical investigation of inner forces in a member. These forces are known to depend on the form of the member and load distribution over it. An engineer is to make himself perfectly familiar with the properties of material and the conditions under which the member has to work. Some of the properties to be considered are specific heat, thermal conductivity, coefficient of expansion and others.
Лексический минимум для студентов инженерного факультета
заочного отделения I курса
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agitator – ворошилка, мешалка -
alloy – сплав -
alternating current (AC) - переменный ток -
application – применение -
arc welding – дуговая сварка -
arrangement – расположение, устройство -
assеmbly – сборка, монтаж -
bearing - подшипник -
beater attachment - околачивающий механизм -
binder – сноповязалка -
blade – лезвие, лопатка, нож -
camshaft - распределительный вал, кулачковый вал -
capable - способный -
cereals – зерновые -
chaff – мякина -
circuit – схема -
civil engineering -гражданское строительство -
conformation - устройство, форма, структура -
connecting rod - тяга, шатун -
construction engineering – строительство -
consumer electronics - бытовая электроника, бытовая электронная техника -
continuous – непрерывный -
cotton picker - хлопкоуборочная машина -
coulter - резак, нож плуга -
crankcase - картер двигателя -
crankshaft - коленчатый вал -
crawler tractor - гусеничный трактор -
crop - урожай, хлеб на корню -
cylinder head - крышка цилиндра -
dimension – размер -
direct current (DC) - постоянный ток -
electric power and machinery - энергетика и энергомашиностроение -
electrical and electronics engineering - электротехника и электроника -
fallowing - 1) парование 2) вспахивание, вспашка -
feed grinder – дефибрер -
fibre optics - волоконная оптика -
finish - отделка, полировка -
flame weeding -.огневая прополка -
fluid mechanics - механика жидкости -
flywheel - маховик, маховое колесо -
forage harvester – силосоуборочный комбайн -
frame – рама -
frog – лягушка, башмак стойки лемеха -
fuel – топливо, горючее -
furrow – борозда, пахать, бороздить -
garden tractor - садовый трактор -
gearing – передача, привод -
general-purpose tractor - трактор общего назначения, пропашной трактор -
grain – зерно -
groove – паз, желоб, вырез -
harrow – борона -
harvest – урожай, сбор урожая -
hay – сено -
high-precision – высокоточный -
hoe - тяпка, мотыга -
horsepower- лошадиная сила -
hydraulic engineering – гидротехника -
idle – пустой, холостой (ход) -
implement carrier tractor -самоходное шасси -
internal combustion engine - двигатель внутреннего сгорания -
intertillage - междурядная обработка -
jack – домкрат, поддомкрачивать -
kernel – зерно, зернышко; сердцевина, ядро, косточка -
land utility tractor-с/х трактор общего назначения -
landside – полевая доска -
livestock - домашний скот -
load – груз, загрузка, нагрузка -
load distribution - распределение нагрузки -
loose– рыхлый -
lubrication – смазка -
manure - навоз, компост, удобрение -
material handling – перемещение грузов -
mechanical engineering – машиностроение -
moldboard - отвал плуга -
mounted – навесной -
mounted implements - навесные орудия -
mower – косилка -
multi - speed gear boxes - многоскоростная коробка передач -
nozzle – сопло, форсунка -
nut – гайка -
oil pan – поддон картера -
pest - вредитель, паразит -
piston – поршень -
piston pin — поршневой палец -
planter – сажалка -
plow (plough) – плуг -
plowing - вспашка -
point – 1. рыхлительная лапа 2. место -
power steering - рулевое управление с усилителем -
PTO (power take off)- вал отбора мощности -
pulley – шкив -
pump – насос -
purpose - цель, назначение, намереваться -
rake – грабли -
reciprocating – возвратно-поступательный -
roller – валец -
root crop – корнеплод -
row-crop tractor -пропашной трактор -
screw – винт; болт -
seam – шов -
seed – семя -
seedbed – пашня, подготовленная к посеву почва -
self-propulsion-самодвижущая сила, cамотяга -
shaft – вал -
share – лемех -
silage unloader – силосоразгрузчик -
sow – сеять -
spade – лопата -
spot welding – точечная сварка -
spray painting – окраска распылением -
spray-painting gun – распылитель краски -
standard tractor - трактор общего назначения, серийный трактор -
steering – рулевое управление -
straw – солома -
substitute – замена -
sweep – взмах -
three – pointed linkage – трехточечное соединение -
threshing -молотьба -
tine – зуб, стойка (культиватора), культиваторная лапа -
to cultivate - выращивать, возделывать, обрабатывать -
to design - конструировать, предназначать, проектировать -
to drive - приводить в движение -
to fasten – закреплять -
to fertilize - удобрять, обогащать почву, вносить удобрение -
to handle- трогать, брать руками обращаться, обходиться -
to include - включать, заключать -
to irrigate – орошать -
to operate - работать, приводить в действие -
to perform- выполнять -
to pick up – брать, подбирать -
to predominate - преобладать, господствовать -
to pull- тащить, тянуть -
to pulverize – 1. дробить, измельчать 2. распылять (жидкость) -
to refer to - ссылаться (на что либо), называться -
to repair – ремонтировать -
to secure - гарантировать, обеспечивать, укреплять -
to till – обрабатывать возделывать (почву) -
to utilize – утилизировать, находить применение -
to wear out – изнашиваться -
track-laying tractor- гусеничный трактор -
transfer – передача, перенос -
transports engineering - дорожный транспорт -
trowel - лопата -
universal tractor - универсальный трактор -
valve – клапан -
vaporizing oil – керосин -
weed – сорная трава, полоть -
welding rod - сварочный пруток -
wheeled tractor - колёсный трактор -
work part – обрабатываемая деталь; заготовка
Таблица 1 Видо-временные формы английского глагола
| Active Voice (действительный залог: "Я делаю") | ||||
| Время | Simple (простое) | Continuous (длительное) | Perfect (завершенное) | Perfect Continuous (завершенно-длительное) |
| Настоящее (Present) | Констатация факта (что делает?).Действие, повторяющееся регулярно, обычное. every day - каждый день usually - обычно often - часто always - всегда never - никогда sometimes - иногда Кроме того, это время употребляется в придаточных предложениях времени и условия после союзов if, when, as soon as, before, вместо Future Simple. As soon as I write the letter, I will post it immediately. Кроме того, это время употребляется вместо Continuous с глаголами, обозначающими восприятие, умственные усилия, чувства: to see, to feel, to hear, to know, to understand, to want, to love, to be, to belong, to consist. I see her now. I hear a noise. I don't understand what he is talking about. | Процесс (что делается сейчас?).Действие в развитии, незаконченное, происходящее в настоящий момент. | Завершенность (что сделал/сделано?).Действие, совершившееся в недалеком прошлом, но имеющее непосредственную связь с данным моментом. Речь идет о наличествующем сейчас результате того действия. Без уточнения момента времени. Но могут быть: already - уже, just - только что, today - сегодня, this week - на этой неделе . | Процесс уже в течение некоторого периода времени.Действие, начавшееся до настоящего момента, длившееся некоторое время, и продолжающееся в момент речи или закончившееся непосредственно перед моментом речи. "Уже в течение..." |
| | Пишет (каждый день). Пишет стихи. Пишет красиво. | Пишет сейчас (я говорю - а он пишет). | Написал (уже) письмо (то есть: у меня имеется написанное письмо). | Пишет уже (в течение часа) час. Пишет с двух часов. |
| | I,you,we,they V, he,she,it V-s | to be V-ing | to have/has V3 | to have/has been V-ing |
| | I write a letter. I write book stories. | I am writing this letter. {You,we,they} are writing this letter. {He,she,it} is writing this letter. | I have written this letter. He has already written this letter. | I have been writing this letter for two days. |
| Прошедшее (Past) | Действие, совершавшееся или свершившееся в прошлом и никак не связанное с настоящим моментом речи. | Действие в развитии, незаконченное, происходящее в определенный момент в прошлом. Часто указан момент прошлого. Никогда не используются глаголы в Past Continuous со словами for, since, recently. | Действие, завершенное к какому-то определенному моменту в прошлом. | Действие, которое началось ранее указанного момента в прошлом и продолжалось вплоть до этого момента, исключая или включая его. Никогда не используются глаголы в Past Perfect Continuous со словами at, when, while. |
| | (На)писал вчера. (На)писал на прошлой неделе. (На)писал год назад. (На)писал в 1980 году. | Писал вчера в три часа. Писал, когда я вошел. Писал, пока я работал. | Написал письмо вчера/сегодня к семи часам. Написал до того, как я пришел. | Писал вчера уже два часа (уже в течение двух часов), когда я наконец пришел. |
| | V-ed, V2 | was/were V-ing | had V3 | had been V-ing |
| | He wrote this letter yesterday. | He was writing this letter yesterday when I came. They were writing this letter at seven o'clock last night. He was writing the letter while you were reading. | He had written this letter by seven o'clock last night. He had written this letter before I came. | He had been writing this letter for two hours yesterday when I came. He had been writing the letter since two o'clock when you came. |
| Будущее (Future) | Действие или ряд последовательных действий, которые случатся в будущем. | Действие в развитии, незаконченное, происходящее в определенный момент в будущем. Часто указан момент будущего. | Действие, которое будет завершено до какого-то момента или другого события в будущем. | Действие, которое начнется до определенного момента в будущем и будет продолжаться вплоть до этого момента. |
| | Напишет завтра. Напишет завтра к семи часам. Напишет через неделю. Напишет в будущем году. | Будет писать завтра в семь часов. Будет писать, когда некто придет. Будет писать, когда ты будешь читать. | Напишет завтра к семи часам. Напишет до того, как он придет. | Будет писать уже час, когда он придет. |
| | will V | will be V-ing | will have V3 | will have been V-ing |
| | I will write the letter tomorrow. I will write the letter tomorrow by 7 o'clock. | I will be writing a letter when he comes. (обратите внимание на настоящее время глагола come -- если главное предложение в будущем времени, то условие - в настоящем!). I will be writing a letter at 7 o'clock tomorrow. I will be writing a letter while you'll be reading. | I will have written the letter before he comes. | I will have been writing a letter for an hour when he comes. |