Файл: 1. Инфинитив в функции определения.doc

Скачать файл
Заказать решение

ВУЗ: Не указан

Категория: Не указан

Дисциплина: Не указана

Добавлен: 27.04.2024

Просмотров: 70

Скачиваний: 0

ВНИМАНИЕ! Если данный файл нарушает Ваши авторские права, то обязательно сообщите нам.

Часть I

§ 1. Инфинитив I. с

1. Инфинитив в функции определения переводится на русский язык, как правило, определительным придаточным предложением с модальным глагольным сказуемым, выражающим возможность или долженствование, или же глаголом-сказуемым в будущем времени.

This question will be discussed at the conference shortly to open in Moscow. Этот вопрос будет обсуждаться на конференции, кото­рая должна вскоре открыться (вскоре открывается) в Москве.

1) После слова the last и порядковых числительных (если в дан­
ном предложении они выполняют функцию предикативного члена)
инфинитив в функции определения переводится личной формой
глагола в том же времени, что и глагол-сказуемое главного предло­
жения.

The Secretary general was the first to raise this question. Гене­ральный секретарь первым поставил этот вопрос (...был первым, кто поставил...).

Если же эти слова выполняют какую-либо другую синтаксиче­скую функцию, то инфинитив может также переводиться и причас­тием.

The first person to raise objections was the Minister himself. Пер­вым, выступившим с возражениями, был сам министр.

2) Пассивная форма инфинитива в функции определения сохра­
няет после себя предлог, с которым употребляется данный глагол, и

переводится обычно на русский язык неопределенно-личным пред­ложением.

There was nothing to be astonished at. Удивлятьсябылонечему.

This was not a matter to be easily agreed upon. He такой это был вопрос, чтобы по нему можно было легко договориться (по это­му/такому вопросу договориться было нелегко).

3) В отдельных случаях инфинитив в функции определения мо­
жет переводиться причастием, прилагательным или существитель­
ным с предлогом.

The shape of things to come is shown by the data obtained by the experts. О характере предстоящих событии можно судить по данным, полученным специалистами (экспертами).

4) В зависимости от сочетаемости слов в русском языке предло­
жение с инфинитивом в функции определения может быть переве­
дено простым предложением; модальность при переводе передается
лексически.

Не had no objections to make. У него не было возражений. (Он не мог ничего возразить.)

The items to be discussed at the next session were already agreed upon. Вопросы, подлежащие обсуждению на следующей сессии, были уже согласованы.

5) Если определение указывает на назначение предмета, то оно
сближается по значению с обстоятельством цели и переводится со­
ответственно либо определением, либо обстоятельством цели, что
зависит от контекста и от сочетаемости слов в русском языке.

Automation is one of the ways to increase production. Автомати­зация — один из способов повысить производительность (повы­шения производительности).

2. Инфинитив в функции дополнения не вызывает затрудне­ний при переводе на русский язык, он обычно переводится инфини­тивом, иногда придаточным предложением.

6

They want to submit a new proposal. Они хотят внести новое предложение.

They claim to be working for peace. Они заявляют (утверждают), что они (якобы) трудятся во имя мира (служат делу мира).

3. Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства результата или
следствия и сопутствующего обстоятельства.

1) Инфинитив результата или следствия, которому предшествуют
слова such... (as), enough, so... , too... , only, часто имеет модальное
значение и переводится на русский язык или инфинитивом, или са­
мостоятельным предложением, вводимым союзами и, но.

This question is too difficult to be settled without further consultations. Этот вопрос слишком сложен, чтобы его можно было разрешить (чтобы его разрешить) без дальнейших консуль­таций.

Не managed to obtain this concession from the management only to find that no one really needed it. Он добился этой уступки от ад­министрации, но обнаружил, что она никому не нужна.

2) Если в предложении с инфинитивом в функции обстоятельства
результата или следствия нет вышеупомянутых прилагательных и
наречий, то инфинитив переводится, в зависимости от сочетаемости
слов в русском языке, часто самостоятельным предложением, вво­
димым союзом и.

Last year he resigned his post never to return to public life. В прошлом году он ушел в отставку и никогда уже не возвращался к общественной жизни (государственной деятельности).

Примечание. Инфинитив в этой функции представляет трудности при переводе главным образом потому, что он ошибочно может быть при­нят за обстоятельство цели. Только смысл всего предложения, а иногда и более широкий контекст позволяет определить, является ли инфинитив об­стоятельством цели или результата.

4.Инфинитив в функции подлежащего, предикативного чле­
на, именной части составного сказуемого и обстоятельства цели

не представляет трудности при переводе на русский язык. В этих функциях он переводится инфинитивом (в функции подлежащего или обстоятельства цели) или существительным.

То postpone an election due in a month's time is not technically easy; postponement would require complex legal manoeuvres, which might take weeks. Отложить выборы, которые должны состояться через месяц, непросто с организационной точки зре­ния; отсрочка потребует сложных правовых маневров, на кото­рые могут уйти недели.

Примечание. 1. В сочетании с глаголом to fail или существительным failure инфинитив передает неудавшуюся попытку совершить действие или просто отрицание и часто переводится на русский язык личной формой гла­гола в отрицательной форме.

The negotiators failed to come to agreement. Участники переговоров не пришли к согласию (не смогли договориться).

2. Сочетание is (was) bound с инфинитивом переводится обязательно, неизбежно должно было.

It was bound to happen. Это неизбежно должно было произойти (случиться).

5. Инфинитив может быть в предложении вводным элементом: to tell the truth... no правде говоря... , to be frank... если говорить от­кровенно... , toputitmildly... мягко выражаясь...

Примечание. Инфинитив в начале предложения может выступать либо в функции подлежащего или обстоятельства цели, либо быть вводным элементом. Синтаксический анализ предложения дает возможность совер­шенно точно определить его функцию.

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

  1. Kurds are especially happy with a US pledge last September to
    protect them against Baghdad.

  2. India and Pakistan are racing to put warheads on fast-flying mis­
    siles, set on a hair trigger, to be launched at first warning or lost to an in­
    coming strike.

  3. Efforts to attract investment by selling Ireland abroad also have a
    Song history.

  4. British Airways said, it would install heart monitors and cardial de-
    fibrillators devices on all its aircraft within a year, becoming the first in­
    ternational airline to do so.

  5. Military rule and disdain for human rights have supposedly made
    Nigeria a country not to be visited.

8

  1. Even from the point of view of Britain's homegrown capitalists, the
    current policies are failing. That is the only conclusion to be drawn from
    the Bank of England's quarterly review and the report of the Commons
    Treasury and Civil Service Committee.

  2. Information comes in floods now, but we haven't installed a way to
    use the brains with the capacity to filter and distill it.

  3. The decision to ban export of beef and cattle from Portugal was
    made after a sharp increase in the number of cases last year of «mad
    cow» disease in cattle grown in Portugal.

  4. The candidate said this morning that he was fully aware of the ob­
    stacles to be faced and the charges that would be made.




  1. The Euro-American democracies have, in the new NATO, a cen­
    tral organization to co-ordinate the military actions of those NATO
    members which decide they need to act.

  2. The US government controls exports of strong encryption prod­
    ucts to preserve its capability to decode messages from foreign govern­
    ments and criminals.

  3. There are lessons to be learnt from the cold war, but the inevita­
    bility of a peaceful outcome is not one of them.

  4. Most Japanese educators concede that a reliance on rote learning
    and cramming does great damage to creativity, and many universities are
    moving to include interviews and essay writing in their entrance tests.

  5. A personal campaign to acquaint the farmers with the facts about
    this year's agricultural price review will be launched by the Minister of
    Agriculture on Monday.

  6. Peru plans to raise $1 billion through bond sales and loans to help
    the country's struggling companies restructure debt.

  7. Britain had the most extensive network of double taxation agree­
    ments in the world to protect companies trading in Britain and other
    countries from paying tax twice over.

  8. The said tax increases to reduce government borrowing would do
    little to help recession hit industry or reduce unemployment.

  9. The United States used the UN inspection team to send a US spy
    into Baghdad to install a highly sophisticated electronic eavesdropping
    system.

  10. In his semiannual report to Congress, the US Federal Reserve
    chairman suggested that «storm clouds massing over the western Pacific
    and headed our way» might dampen demand for US goods and services
    just     enough to relieve inflationary pressure — and render unnecessary a
    Fed hike in short-term rates.




  1. Having shed enough of its history to look outward and prosper in
    Europe, Ireland has retained enough, up to now, to ameliorate the strains
    of rapid social change. This is a balance that will be     difficult to preserve.

  2. The general feeling in Egypt is that the government has won its
    war against the Islamist militants. What it is still not confident enough to
    do     is to allow political Islam a public voice.

  3. Japanese consumers have simply not been purchasing many of the
    high-ticket items—particularly automobiles and appliances — in suffi­
    cient volume to keep Japan's economy moving at the higher rate business
    would like to achieve.

  4. Although Mr.Kim [South KoreE] was the first of the three to em­
    brace     the need for a rescue by the International Monetary Fund, he made
    worrying noises about wanting to renegotiate the deal once he entered
    office.

  5. Mr.Cook is not the first British foreign secretary to arrive in office
    determined to change things, nor will he be the last to run up against the
    diplomats' natural scepticism about his ability to do.

  6. The achievement [of Ireland] is certainly not to be dismissed, as
    some would have it, as a matter of statistical fudges, subsidies from
    Europe and tax dodges for multinationals. But lessons for would-be tigers
    are either difficult to infer or of little use.

  7. Scientology tries to turn its followers' minds and part them from
    their money; of course it will try to change their lives forever. But so do
    lots of religions.

  8. Any newly elected government can expect to be given the benefit
    of the doubt by the public.

  9. The U.S. Federal law allows the satellite systems to provide net­
    work programming only to a viewer who cannot receive the local affiliate
    of a network using a conventional TV antenna.

  10. The United Nations said that a UN delegation would visit China
    next month to look at what help the country needs to implement its com­
    mitments on human rights.

  11. This attack on Serbia may be the start of a new trend to restrain
    thugs and despots, though it does not look terribly likely.




  1. They say ways and means must be found whereby developing
    countries can expand their exports and increase foreign exchange earn­
    ings to pay for such internal programmes as power projects, transport
    services, exploitation of natural resources and industrialization generally.

  2. The US President calls on America to accept a global role.

  3. To meet the need for increasingly precise forecasts, meteorologists
    hope to extend their observational system until it covers every corner of
    the earth.


10

11

  1. The chancellor in fact, was quick to warn us against raising false
    hopes on the basis of the new international support given for the pound.

  2. The Prime Minister had told the party meeting that as a tough
    Prime Minister, he refused to be dictated to by any group.

  3. [NATO] Already the Europeans cannot agree to finance the mod­
    ernization programs that were considered essential even before enlarge­
    ment came into the picture.

  4. In London the British Government's special envoy said on return­
    ing yesterday from a two-week Far East «factfinding mission», that he
    was disappointed not to have been invited to take part in the talks on the
    region's problems.

  5. Perhaps BNP [Banque Nationale de Paris] felt left out: it courted
    Societe General unsuccessfully for two years only to see the bank fall into
    the arms of Paribas.

  6. The retired director of the Brain Institute at the University of Cali­
    fornia — Los Angeles, devoted his life to studying that complex organ,
    only to be crippled by a brain disease that leaves its victims unable to care
    for themselves.

  7. Education standards are bound to be hit by the government's latest
    round of spending cuts, the Education Secretary admitted yesterday.

41. Japan's economic success carries inevitable political conse­
quences, and they are bound to be recognized sooner or later.

  1. The announcements of his latest trip is bound to intensify suspi­
    cions about the objectives of the Government's manoeuvres.

  2. «The US economy already looks fairly bubble-like. Such an econ­
    omy is bound to slow once stock prices fall, and so the base trend will be
    a stronger yen once Japan's economy strengthens,» said a top official in
    the Finance Ministry.

  3. The Chancellor of Germany said he had serious concerns that fail­
    ure to reach agreement on the EU reforms could lead to complications
    concerning the European single currency, the euro.

  4. Even a public apology from the prime minister to failing to ex­
    plain his policy failed to turn the tide of opinion in his favour.




  1. European Union leaders last night failed to make any break­
    throughs on the future financing of the community.

  2. The two social workers stood bail of $500 each. When the youth
    failed to appear, they were summoned to court and ordered to forfeit
    $300 each...

  3. Will Republicans squabble so acrimoniously to define the soul of
    their party that they condemn themselves to a protracted civil war that,

two years from now, will lead not just to failure to recapture the White House but to failure to keep control of Congress?

  1. The old controversy about whether government borrowing im­
    poses a burden on the future has lately been given a new airing. Consider,
    to begin with, the recipe for making a «primary real burden» of the na­
    tional debt as laid down by Professor Brown of the University of Vir­
    ginia.

  2. To begin with, the cumulative effect of so many cocktail and other
    parties amounts to a serious physical drain on the U.N. delegates; consid­
    erable stamina is required to stand up to some seven hundred social func­
    tions a year.

  3. It was freely stated, to begin with, that she was little more than a
    figurehead, used by the politicians of her party to get back into power on
    a strong wave of emotion which only she could inspire.

  4. To judge living standards, it is better to add to GDP the income
    earned by foreign assets, and to deduct from it the income paid to foreign
    creditors.

  5. The other leg of the Nissan plan is to raise operating margins from
    below zero up to 5% within two years.

  6. The commercial broadcasting industry convinced Americans that
    it was « good citizenship to consume news at regular intervals».

  7. In many respects the father of both the supersonic Concorde and
    the wide-bodied Airbus airliners, Henri Ziegler     lived long enough to see
    the recent major restructuring of the French aircraft industry.

  8. Behind the closed doors of homes ranging from modest apart­
    ments to mansions in Virginia, many foreign servants live in silent de­
    spair, toiling long hours for low wages but too fearful, isolated or inse­
    cure about what will happen to them to complain or breakfree, human
    rights advocates and investigators say.

57. It is increasingly recognized that the current peacekeeping re­
sources and powers of the UN are too limited to enable it to intervene ef­
fectively in many conflicts. One solution would be to create peace en­
forcement units, to be made available in clearly defined circumstances.

П. Инфинитивные конструкции

1. Субъектно-предикативный инфинитивный оборот (кон­струкция «именительный с инфинитивом»).

1) Предложение с этим оборотом, как правило, переводится сложноподчиненным предложением, главное предложение которого

Смотрите также файлы