philosophical revolution which swept through Europe. The French phi­losopher Voltaire remarked, only slightly sarcastically, that if one wanted to learn anything from gardening to philosophy, one had to go to Edin­burgh.

The Enlightenment was partly stimulated, some think, because politi­cal union with England ended the Scottish preoccupation with battling against its more powerful southern neighbour and opened northern eyes and minds to the possibilities, both intellectual and commercial, arising in a fast-changing world in which Britain was then playing a decisive impe­rial role.

29. Between principle and practice, of course, can lie an ocean of dif­
ference, and seas of ink have indeed been drained in arguing about the
consequences of accepting that gender as social. If it is, mustn't society
be overturned to better women's lot? Is it inequality with men or male
stereotyping that women suffer from? Isn't talk of suffering itself a new
form of victimhood?

Naomi Wolf, in her book «Fire with Fire» (1993) blamed older femi­nists for exaggerating women's powerlessness and for the supposed ex­cesses of political correctness.

30. Mr. Menem's [of Argentina] past services are undeniable. Elected
in 1989, he inherited hyperinflation. That alone might have led back to
strongman rule. Instead, his government by creating a currency board, has
killed inflation stone-dead.

He has brought to heel the armed forces, still snarling when first he came to office. Today, these once masters of the land serve its elected government.

Abroad, Mr. Menem has mended fences with the United States, taken Argentina into the Mercosur trade group, and solved its border disputes with Chile.

This is a solid record.

31. 
    There are clear arguments to be made in favour of equality (relief
    of poverty, the encouragement of social cohesion); but there are also clear
    arguments to be made against imposing it (this is unnatural, unattainable,
    suppresses initiative, attempts self-defeatingly to create a sense of broth­
    erhood by coercion). «Fairness», by contrast, is a label a government can
    slap on pretty much any policy it chooses. Equality is measurable, fair­
    ness — in the eye of the beholder. The left thought equality was fair; the
    right thought inequality was fair.
    
32. 
    When overseas aid was under Foreign Office control, it was
    clearly a tool of foreign policy as well as a way of helping poor countries.
    

182

And it sometimes subsidised British business by being tied to British goods and services. But that approach clearly had drawbacks. Aid priori­ties were distorted by the pursuit of commercial advantage. Britain, for example, was discovered to be funding a dubious dam project in Malaysia in the hope of winning arms sales. When New Labour came into office, it announced that aid should be purely for helping the poor.

33. 
    Modern youth becomes the dreaded avenging angel of his parents,
    since he holds the power to prove his parents'success or failure as parents
    and this counts so much more now, since his parents' economic success is
    no longer so important in a society of abundance. Youth itself, feeling in­
    secure because of its marginal position in a society that no longer depends
    on it for economic security, is tempted to use the one power this reversal
    between the generations has conferred on it: to be accuser, and judge of
    the parents' success or failure as parents.
    
34. 
    With monetary policy in the hands of the European Central Bank,
    fiscal policy — budget deficits and surpluses a la Keynes — is the re­
    maining tool with which the member states of European Economic and
    Monetary Union, or EMU, can affect their own growth and employment.
    
35. 
    The sense of energy and optimism generated by Mr. Blair's at­
    tempt to create a brave new Britain could easily give way to disillusion­
    ment — as it did in the 1970s — if his government cannot turn visionary
    rhetoric into something rather more substantial.
    

---

36. It is less than a month since the prime minister decided to break
cover, stand up in the House of Commons, launch his «national changeo­
ver plan», and make it plain to anyone who had ever doubted it that he
really did intend to lead Britain into the promised land of the euro.

This was the very week in which big business started to fire its pro-euro artillery, with the official launch of the «Britain in Europe» cam­paign headed by chairman of British Airways.

37. The US elections have often been compared to a circus. It is a
shame that the comparison has some truth in it. It is a time when a clear
and precise estimate of the national situation should be made, a balance
drawn and a course agreed on for the next period, but it is actually a time
when the leading political contestants exert themselves most to deceive
the public, falsify the record and lie about the future.

It is national aberration-time when politicians roam the land, trying to put matters more out of focus than usual. It is the time of statistics-twisting, juggling with facts, gymnastics in the position-taking, and hocus-pocus.

Such a situation is contrary to the interests of the people and to the national interest. More and more voters are disgusted with it. It is, there-

183

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58. 
    Although military aviation can be said to have started in 1870
    when balloons were used during the siege of Paris, it was not until the
    First World War that it became of substantial importance.
    
59. 
    It may be unprecedented, but it is not illogical for the Chancellor
    of the Exchequer to have used his Budget speech for announcing the
    Government's intention of hustling through Parliament an Act designed to
    shackle the trades unions. The Budget, like the preceding ones of this
    Government, has as its main objective to devalue our wage packets. The
    decision to rush through the anti-TU legislation is aimed at disarming the
    working people, and hampering them in their struggle to retain the real
    value of their hard-earned wage packets. It is a policy aimed at ensuring
    that any increase in either productivity or output should lead not to more
    wages, but to more profit... There can be no other explanation for the
    Chancellor's moan that increased production and productivity rose only
    four times as much as wages.
    
60. 
    The Congressman was deprived of his seat last month by vote of
    the House pending investigations by the special committee on the
    grounds that he had put taxpayers' money to his own use, flouted the law
    by refusing to pay libel damages, and evaded jail sentences imposed for
    contempt of court.
    
61. 
    One cannot expect to see as yet, any decisive change in the pattern
    of the economy in these countries. The change from developing country
    to a developed one is a huge task.
    
62. 
    If the capital needs of developing countries are particularly heavy,
    one must recognize that their absorptive capacity, on the other hand, re­
    mains more limited than was the case of Europe in the nineteenth century.
    

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_{Часть III}

1 . ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ УСТНОГО ПЕРЕВОДА

Проанализируйте тексты, определите задачу автора (ин­формация, обзор, критическое выступление и т.д.)- Сделайте устный перевод, а затем дайте краткую аннотацию текста,

1. Hong Kong Won't Dollarize As Way to End Speculation

Hong Kong — National pride appears to be preventing authorities here from using what may be their most potent weapon against specula­tors attacking the Hong Kong dollar.

That weapon is the threat to replace Hong Kong's currency with the US dollar, thereby removing any target for speculators to aim at. Already, Argentina has raised the possibility of dropping its own currency in favor of the dollar. The suggestion, put forward recently be Argentine Presi­dent, came in the wake of rising concerns that Brazil's decision to aban­don support of the real would lead to other currency collapses in Latin America.

In theory, Hong Kong — which has a US dollar-linked currency sys­tem almost identical to Argentina's — could make the same switch. And some currency watchers believe no move would be more effective at ending the speculative pressure against the Hong Kong dollar than taking steps to «dollarize» the economy.

Yet Hong Kong's government has instead declared publicly that it doesn't believe dollarization is a viable option. The reason, some analysts say, is chiefly political: Hong Kong is Chinese territory, and China wouldn't want to relinquish sovereignty over any aspect of Hong Kong's governance, including its currency.

Yeung Wai Hong, publisher of Hong Kong's most widely read weekly magazine, calls it «nationalistic pride.» A frequent commentator on monetary issues, Mr. Yeung says dollarization would be « a perfect solu­tion» to Hong Kong's recurring run-ins with speculators.

189

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