Файл: Письменноезадание grammar section read.docx

The Russian Federation is set up by the Constitution of 1993. Under the Constitution Russia is a presidential republic. The federal government consists of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. Each of them is checked and balanced by the President.

The legislative power is vested in the Federal Assembly. It consists of two chambers. The Upper Chamber is the Council of Federation; the Lower Chamber is the State Duma.

Each chamber is headed by the Speaker. The members of the Federal Assembly are elected by popular vote for a four year period.

Legislature maybe initiated in either of the two Chambers. But to become a law a bill must be approved by both Chambers and signed by the President. The President may veto the bill.

The President is commander in chief of the armed forces; he makes treaties, enforces laws, and appoints ministers to be approved by the Federal Assembly.

The executive power belongs to the Government which is headed by the Prime Minister. The first action of the Prime Minister on appointment is to form the Cabinet.

The judicial branch is represented by the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Supreme Court of Arbitration, and the regional courts.

The flag of Russia is a tricolor of three equal horizontal fields, white on the top, blue in the middle and red on the bottom. The national anthem of Russia is composed by Alexander Alexandrov. The hymn was adopted in late 2000 by President Vladimir Putin. A new State Emblem of the Russian Federation consists of a black two headed eagle crowned with two imperial crowns, over which the same third crown, enlarged. It is the most ancient symbol of Russia.

All these symbols are official. They have been approved by the Federal Assembly.
Государственная система Российской Федерации

Российская Федерация учреждена согласно Конституции 1993 года. Согласно Конституции, Россия – президентская республика. Федеральное правительство состоит из трех ветвей: законодательной, исполнительной и судебной. Каждая из них контролируется и уравновешивается президентом.

Законодательная власть принадлежит Федеральному Собранию. Оно состоит из двух палат. Верхняя палата - Совет Федерации; нижняя палата - Государственная Дума.

Каждая палата возглавляется спикером. Члены Федерального Собрания избираются всенародным голосованием на срок четыре года.

Законодательство может инициироваться в любой из двух палат. Но для того, чтобы стать законом, законопроект должен быть одобрен обеими палатами и подписан президентом. Президент может наложить вето на законопроект.

Президент является главнокомандующим вооруженными силами; он заключает договоры, осуществляет контроль за соблюдением законов, а также назначает министров, которых должно утвердить Федеральное собрание.

Исполнительная власть принадлежит правительству, возглавляемому премьер-министром. Первое действие премьер-министра после назначения - формирование кабинета министров.

Судебная власть представлена Конституционным судом, Верховным судом, Высшим арбитражным судом и региональными судами.

Флаг России – это триколор из трех равных горизонтальных полей - белого сверху, синего посередине и красного снизу. Государственный гимн России написан Александром Александровым. Гимн был принят в конце 2000 года президентом Владимиром Путиным. Новый Государственный герб Российской Федерации состоит из черного двуглавого орла, увенчанного двумя императорскими коронами, над которыми находится такая же третья корона, увеличенная. Это самый древний символ России.

Все эти символы являются официальными. Они были утверждены Федеральным Собранием.

Exercise 2.

Find the in the text the English equivalents for these words and word combinations. Translate them in a written form:

учредить согласно Конституции – to set up by the Constitution; президентская республика - presidential republic; законодательная, исполнительная, судебная власть - legislative, executive and judicial; система сдержек и противовесов – system of checks and balances; возложить на – to vest in; Федеральное собрание - Federal Assembly; Совет Федерации – Council of the Federation; Дума – State Duma; избирать всеобщим голосованием – to elect by popular vote; одобрить / подписать закон – to approve/sign the law; наложить вето на законопроект – to veto the bill; Верховный Главнокомандующий - commander in chief; назначать министров – to appoint ministers; возглавлять правительство – to head the government; Верховный суд - Supreme Court; государственный / гимн / флаг / герб – state anthem / flag / emblem.

Exercise 3.

Complete these sentences:

Under the Constitution Russia is a presidential republic.
The federal government consists of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial..
The legislative power is vested in the Federal Assembly.
The Federal Assembly consists of two chambers.
To become a law a bill must be approved by both Chambers and signed by the President.
The executive power belongs to the Government which is headed by the Prime Minister.
The judicial branch i s represented by the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Supreme Court of Arbitration, and the regional courts.

State symbols of the Russian Federation are the state flag, anthem, and emblem.

Exercise 4.

Answer the following questions. Sum up what you know about the political system of the Russian Federation. Write a summary.

What kind of political system does Russia have?

Russia is a federal presidential republic.

I s Russia is a presidential or parliamentary republic?

Russia is a presidential republic.

What are the advantage s and disadvantage s of the both forms of government?

One major advantage of the presidential system of government is that the President has a free hand in appointing his ministers and other government appointees. It also leads to stability of government. On the other habd this system confers a lot of power on the president and this may lead to abuse of power and dictatorship.

In parliamentery republic legislation passes more quickly and the public holds majority responsible. Though minority parties can be overwhelmed by majority and their opinions overlooked.

What is the highest legislative body of Russia? How is it elected?

The highest legislative body of Russia is the Federal Assembly. The members of the Federal Assembly are elected by popular vote for a four year period.

Who can initiate legislature?

Legislature maybe initiated in either of the two Chambers of the Federal Assembly.

What stages must a Bill pass to become a law?

To become a law a bill must be approved by both Chambers and signed by the President.

What are the President's responsibilities?

The President is commander in chief of the armed forces; he makes treaties, enforces laws, and appoints ministers to be approved by the Federal Assembly.

Who is the head of the executive power? Is the Government elected or appointed?

The executive power belongs to the Government which is headed by the Prime Minister. The first action of the Prime Minister on appointment is to form the Cabinet.

Which courts is the judicial branch represented by?

The judicial branch is represented by the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Supreme Court of Arbitration, and the regional courts.

What are the official symbols of the Russian Federation?

The official symbols of the Russian Federation are the state flag, anthem, and emblem.

SUMMARY

Russia is a presidential republic. The federal government consists of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial.

The legislative power is vested in the Federal Assembly. It consists of two chambers. The

Upper Chamber is the Council of Federation; the Lower Chamber is the State Duma.

Each chamber is headed by the Speaker. The members of the Federal Assembly are elected by popular vote for a four year period.

The President is commander in chief of the armed forces; he makes treaties, enforces laws, and appoints ministers to be approved by the Federal Assembly.

The executive power belongs to the Government which is headed by the Prime Minister. The first action of the Prime Minister on appointment is to form the Cabinet.

The judicial branch is represented by the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Supreme Court of Arbitration, and the regional courts.
EnglishTenses(ActiveVoice)

Ex. 1

Model: First he’ll gain some experience as a house counsel. Then he’ll start his own practice (when).

– He’ll start his own practice when he gains some experience.

Combinetwosimplesentencesintoacomplexonewiththesubordinateclauseoftimeor condition:

You must prove the guilt of the suspect. You will win the case. (if)

You will win the case if you prove the guilt of the suspect.

First you must spend two years as an articled clerk. Then you’ll become a solicitor. (after)

You’ll become a solicitor after you spend two years as an articled clerk.

The attorney will prepare the necessary documents. He’ll send the copy to the client. (as soon as)

He’ll send the copy to the client as soon as the attorney prepares the necessary documents.

“Sir, you do not know it to be good or bad. Only the judge can determine it”. (till)

“Sir, you do not know it to be good or bad till the judge determines it.”

Please, don’t touch anything. The police will be here in no time. (before)

Please, don’t touch anything before the police are here.

The counsel will not preserve the client’s confidence. He discloses his secrets. (if)

The counsel will not preserve the client’s confidence if he discloses his secrets.

He will succeed, I think. He devotes much time to the development of his own practice. (in case)

He will succeed, I think, in case he devotes much time to the development of his own practice.

He studies well. His legal education will probably last about five years. (providing).

His legal education will probably last about five years providing he studies well.
Ex. 2

UseeitherthePresentContinuousorthePresentSimple:

– I am very busy now. I am preparing (toprepare) the documents on a very difficult case.

Are you doing (you /to do) it alone?
No, two managing clerks are helping (to help) me.

A solicitor deals (todeal) with matters outside the court.

The Law Society regulates (toregulate) the conduct of solicitors in England.

What kind of law do you practise (you/topractise)?

– What is the attorney doing (the attorney/ to do) at present? – He is studying (tostudy) the particulars of the case.

I don’t belive (not to believe) your evidence! You are lying (tolie)!

Legal service costs are increasing (toincrease) permanently due to inflation.

Attorney rarely discusses (todiscuss) with their clients the possibility of losing the case.

Do you know (You/to know) what conveyancing means (to mean)? – Conveyancing means (tomean) making all the legal arrangements for the buying and selling of land, houses and other buildings.

Probate is (to be) a type of work a lawyer does (to do) that deals (to deal) with making a will for a client who, when he/she dies (to die), is wishing (towish) to leave his/her property to certain persons or charities and making sure that his/her wishes are carried out.

The lawyer serves (to serve) effectively as an advocate only if he knows (to know) all that his client knows (to know), concerning the facts of the case.

Do you know (You/ to know) if the number of lawyers is increasing (to increase) or decreasing (to decrease) in the country nowadays?

Ex. 3

TheseareJane’snotesfor Monday.

Say,whatherplansare,using