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in the Executive Branch — frequently can be more significant to knowing persons than things the Representatives do say.
-
Yet for large and small nations their record in the General Assem
bly does provide a yardstick with which to measure the application of
their publicly announced foreign policy principles. -
All the same the state of the economy and the general trend of na
tional politics do have some influence on the voters. -
Nowhere in America or Europe not even among the great liberated
thinkers of the ^Enlightment did democratic ideas appear respectable to
the cultivated classes. -
Both sides are already moving back toward common ground. Not
only did Beijing finally shut down the anti-American protests, but the
Chinese President after an initial snub, finally talked by phone with the
US President and discussed ways to rebuild their relationship. -
Noironly does shipping bring the Greek economy more than $1.5
billion in receipts each year but its growth over the last 15 years (with the
fleet almost tripling in size) has been almost unparalleled. > -
The supply of fund managers keeps growing, but so does demand
from investors. -
Economies to-day depend less on oil than they did. -
In. real, terms, oil now costs roughly what it did before 1973. -
Non-Asian minorities tend to score lower on standardized tests
use'd for college admissions than do Asian-Americans and whites. -
Next year will be another depressing year on the farm. The federal
government .will Jry to help out with emergency aid and by opening trade
barriers, as it did recently with a new export agreement with China.
22. Not until the 19th century did democratic government make its
way in any considerable part of the world — in the great states of conti
nental Europe, "in South America, in Canada and Australia, in South Af
rica and Japan.
§7. АРТИКЛЬ
Поскольку в русском языке нет грамматической категории артикля, переводчику приходится передавать различные функции артиклей лексическими или синтаксическими средствами русского языка.
В тех случаях, когда артикли кроме своей грамматической функции (маркера существительного) несут и смысловую нагрузку, выступая в качестве определения, они переводятся обычно при-
84
лагательными, относительными местоимениями и другими частями речи.
I. Определенный артикль
1. Определенный артикль переводится прилагательными
(выступает в функции определения): текущий, нынешний, настоя
щий, (ныне) существующий, действующий и т. п., а также относи
тельными местоимениями: тот, тот самый, этот, всё, все и дру
гими словами в зависимости от контекста.
The allies took big political risks at home by agreeing to base the new missiles in their countries, and some critics at the time had suggested they should be based at sea. Согласившись на размещение этих новых ракет на территории своих стран, европейские союзники пошли на серьезный политический риск. В свое время некоторые критики проекта предлагали базировать ракеты на море.
2. Часто определенный артикль приходится передавать лексиче
ской разверткой (т. е. дополнительными и (или) уточняющими зна
чение словами). Так, например, существительное war с определен
ным артиклем в зависимости от контекста может означать и вторая
мировая война, и война во Вьетнаме и др.; the Depression Великий
кризис 30-х годов. Контекст предложения, абзаца или всего текста
подсказывает правильный перевод.
Despite the performance and growing opposition within the Conservative party, the Prime Minister shows every sign of staying on course. Несмотря на неутешительные результаты и растущую оппозицию внутри консервативной партии, премьер-министр по
лон решимости продолжать свою политику.
II. Неопределенный артикль
1. Часто переводится такими словами, как: один из, один, некий, какой-либо, новый, такой, известный, определенный, любой и др.
Too often the stories about amazing Russian weapons come from people in reporters' services or defense contractors with an interest in
exaggeration. Очень часто источником россказней о необыкновенном российском оружии оказываются (либо) репортеры (либо) или агенты по военным заказам, которые имеют определенный интерес (определенно заинтересованы) в преувеличении.
2. Необходимость соблюдения при переводе норм сочетаемости
слов в русском языке требует лексической развертки в тех случаях,
когда существительному с неопределенным артиклем предшествуют
такие глаголы, как to call for, to announce, to seek, to favour, to
propose, to drive, to plan, to wage и т. п., или существительные с тем
же значением: proposal, appeal и т. п.
The US President plans to call for a new round of global trade
negotiations. Президент Соединенных Штатов намеревается при
звать к проведению нового раунда переговоров по мировой тор
говле. V
Примечание. В тех случаях, когда неопределенный артикль употребляется для обобщения (с классифицирующим значением), определяемое существительное часто, переводится существительным во множественном числе.
In a foreign policy address, the choice of theme is in itself a policy decision; the choice of topics sets priorities; the choice of words is studied closely in foreign capitals. В посланиях по внешней политике выбор (главной) Темы :— является своего рода политическим решением; выбор (включенных) проблем выстраивает приоритеты; выбор формулировок тщательно изучается в столицах других государств.
3. Когда неопределенный артикль выполняет функцию маркера
центра высказывания (информации), в русском языке это значение
часто приходится передавать синтаксическим способом, т. е. изме
нением порядка слов, так как в русской письменной речи центр вы
сказывания обычно находится в конце предложения. Сравните:
The plan of action was worked out thoroughly and in great detail. План действий был разработан тщательно и во всех деталях (подчеркивается, как был разработан план).
A plan of action was worked out, thoroughly and in great detail. Весьма тщательно и подробно был разработан план действий (подчеркивается, что было разработано).
In view of many Latin American officials an effort to impose a
86
tighter ideological alliance with Washington would be strongly resisted by the regional leading powers. Многие политические деятели Латинской Америки считают, что ведущие государства этого региона решительно выступят против (любой) попытки навязать более тесный идеологический союз с Вашингтоном.
Примечание. В некоторых случаях употребление или отсутствие неопределенного артикля изменяет значение слова, так например, a power держава, power власть, могущество, электроэнергия; a government правительство, government управление; a few, a little некоторое количество (положительное значение); few, little -пало (иногда просто отрицание).
Не has a few objections, but they are unimportant. У него есть несколько возражений, но они несущественны.
Не has few ideas on that matter. По этому поводу идей у него мало (нет).
They said they have little faith in the premier's promises. Они сказали, что маю верят обещаниям премьера.
Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.
-
The report does not include a section on rights observance in the
United States itself. -
The issues confronting Europe go to the heart of its great construc
tion. -
It would be progress to get away with the notion that oil is scarce — an
assumption that led to two decades of energy policy mistakes, such as
subsidising coal and nuclear power. -
Even as prices fall, governments of oil consuming countries should
be guarded against the dangers of oil dependence. -
Unless Europe and Asia are able to keep the US committed to open
multilateralism, the Asian crisis may yet produce nasty results. -
The debate over the House of Lords reform has so far missed the
main point. [Britain] -
The decision set off a furor in the publishing industry on both sides
of the Atlantic. -
«Nestle» confirmed its earlier warnings that the coming year sales-
volume growth fell below the company's 4% growth target. The Swiss
company blamed the results on economic turmoil in emerging markets. -
The poll echoes a warning from the Trade and Industry Secretary,
that Britain may be vulnerable to charges by fellow EU countries that it is
turning its back on Monetary Union and therefore Europe.
87
10. Initially I thought she was copying pictures out of books. Then the penny dropped: it was not a copy, but the original.
/Tl. Official figures showed yesterday that the economy, despite slowing under the weight of higher rates, the strong pound and the economic crisis in Asia, is still creating jobs.
-
As the country's deepest postwar recession continues, with indus
trial production plummeting and unemployment soaring at rates last seen
during the Depression, fears are growing that Prime Minister's medicine
may be permanently disabling rather than curing. -
Doomsayers predict a decade of lost growth in East Asia, like the
one that Latin America went through after its debt crisis in the early
1980s. -
«Which candidate are you against?» ... «All the candidates have
given me a reason to vote against them.» -
Democratic economists believe that at a time when business is op
erating with considerable slack, the nation could stand even larger deficits
without much risk of accelerating inflation. A
-
After a treaty intended to establish a permanent International*
Criminal Court was negotiated in 1998 in Rome, the British Foreign Of
fice said «the institution would help to tackle the grotesque paradox
whereby the killer of one person is more likely to be brought to justice
than the killer of thousands.» -
His aides made clear that the ideas, disclosed in an interview, were
not fixed in stone and were simply the start of a «free-thinking» exercise
on possible EU reforms.
18-. Legal advice will be available from booths in Community centres, doctors' surgeries and public libraries under plans outlined by the Lord Chancellor yesterday.
-
Diplomats fear an influx into Western Europe this summer of ille-
gal immjgrants being released from Italian detention centres under loop
holes in new immigration laws. -
The Government, besieged by criticism of its handling of the
economy, yesterday gratefully pounced on news of a fall in unemploy
ment to its lowest level for 18 years, combined with an easing in wage
pressure which had been responsible for interest rate rises. -
The new doctrine, approved by President Clinton last month,
marks an important step forward a world in which the United States relies
on fewer nuclear weapons for its defense. -
A president who spends most of his working hours figuring out
how to buy votes with public money is not likely to be very critical of a
muttilateral agency (the IMF) that does pretty much the same thing.
-
The new administration has decided to propose a relaxation of air
pollution regulations to make it easier for oil refiners, steel producers and
other basic industries to expand and modernize their plants, Vice Presi
dent announced, -
UN officials report that seven Arab oil-producing countries in the
Gulf are about to announce a $250-mi!!ion annual fund for UN aid agen
cies. -
The Korean Confederation of Trade Unions plans a national rally
on May 1st, a traditional day for workers ' agitation. -
The European Union's industry ministers Friday called for a link
between all state subsidies to the steel industry and cuts in capacity. But
they were unable to agree on a deadline for phasing out subsidies. -
The Labour Party leader called the figures «tragic and terrible»
and called for a debate in Parliament. -
EU finance ministers agreed Monday to seek a common policy on
the stabilizing of interest rates before the economic summit conference
scheduled for July in Ottawa. -
Some Planning Ministry officials favor an income tax not because
the government needs the money, but because they believe Kuwaitis
should understand the relationship between effort and reward.
-
Under mounting political pressure to do something to stimulate
Germany's economy, the Berlin government Wednesday announced a se
ries of incentives to boost business investment, particularly in energy and
new technology fields. -
The Federal government can borrow from the Federal Reserve to
finance immense deficits, has done so, and surely will again when eco
nomic downturn calls for fiscal stimulus.
32. Government cutbacks in state spending have badly hit local
authorities, and most have started _ big cutbacks, including layoffs that
have worsened unemployment, currently at 2.06 million, or 8.5 per cent
of the work force.
33. The Bundesbank said Thursday that it does not see any room for a
retreat from its tight credits policies despite an economic downturn,
which has spurred repeated calls forjower interest rates to stimulate the
economy and fight unemployment.
-
There are legitimate questions about the stability of Monetary
Union and the drive for a federal Europe that will not be resolved by the
instinct to embrace the «modern» option. -
A research officer at the department of economics at Birkbeek
College, looked forward to forging links with groups in Eastern Europe in
