Файл: Технологический университет.docx

There are other governmental entities which have attributes of local governments, but which are not local governments. These miscellaneous units or entities are generally special-purpose or administrative units normally providing a single service for a specific geographic area.

In this country’s federal system, consisting of the national, state and local governments, local government is the point of delivery for many governmental services and is the level of government most accessible to and familiar with residents. Local government is often referred to as the grass-roots level of government.

New York has many local governmental entities that possess the power to perform services in designated geographical areas. While all of these entities fall within the broad definition of “public corporation,”9 only a very small percentage of them are “general purpose” local governments — counties, cities, towns and villages — which have broad legislative powers as well as the power to tax and incur debt. In order to stem the proliferation of overlapping and independent local taxing units, the New York Constitution was amended in 1938 to prohibit the creation of any new type of municipal or other corporation possessing both the power to tax and to incur debt. While New York has long had counties, towns, villages and cities, their powers have increased greatly in the last century. Originally, each individual local government was created by a special act of the State Legislature.

Each act created the corporate entity, identified the geographical area that would be served by the entity and granted powers and duties. Over time, the State Legislature adopted general laws to govern the nature and extent of local governments’ powers: the Town Law, Village Law, General City Law and the County Law. These general laws still apply, and now are augmented by the overriding constitutional guarantee of “home rule.” A local government’s power is primarily exercised by its legislative body. The general composition of legislative bodies for counties, cities, towns and villages is discussed in the individual chapters addressing each particular form of government. The New York State Constitution, however, guarantees and requires that each county, city, town and village have a legislative body elected by the people of the respective governments.14 Local legislative bodies are granted broad powers to adopt local laws in order to carry out their governmental responsibilities.

Local governments serve a vital link in the relationship between the states and the federal government under the federal system. Many governmental services, whether from the national or state level, have implications for, or call for the involvement of, local government. Additionally, in exercising its broad legislative authority, a local government can profoundly impact the quality of life of its residents. This sharing of responsibility with the other levels of government emanates from the federal and state constitutions and the various statutory grants of power that the State Legislature has passed to local governments.
(New York State. Department of State. URL: https://www.dos.ny.gov/)
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Вариант 1 для направления подготовки 54.03.01 Дизайн

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DESIGN ORGANIZATIONS
There are many organizations and societies that render assistance and recognition to designers and promote leading approaches and methods of design.

Here are some of them. The Chartered Society of Designers (CSD), headquartered in London, England, is the professional body for designers. It is the world's only Royal chartered body of professional designers. It is unique in that it is multi-disciplinary – representing designers in all design disciplines.

Founded in 1930 as Society of Industrial Artists, the Society is governed by Royal Charter (granted in 1976), and as such its members are obliged to practice to the highest professional standards. It is also a registered charity in the UK and adheres to best practice as a membership organization. Its Royal Patron is HRH The Duke of Edinburgh.

The CSD is not a trade body or association, functioning as a learned society. Membership to the Society is only awarded to qualified designers who must also prove their professional capability during an admission assessment. The Society exists to promote concern for the sound principles of design in all areas in which design considerations apply, to further design practice and encourage the study of design techniques for the benefit of the community. It also seeks to secure and promote a professional body of designers and regulate and control their practice for the benefit of the design industry and the general public.

CSD has an awards programme to ensure that designers are recognised for their work. Awards endorsed or organised by CSD carries enormous merit and value as it is awarded by the world's largest and only Chartered body of professional designers. The Minerva Service Award is to be awarded to members of the Society who have made an outstanding contribution to the life and success of the Society. The Minerva Medal is the highest award the Society can give to its members, usually for an overall lifetime achievement in design. Many who have received it are recognizable names, each having helped to raise the professionalism of design.

The European Design Awards, also known as the ED-Awards, are annual awards presented to European designers for outstanding work in the communication design field. The ED-Awards is a joint initiative of design magazines from across Europe and endorsed by the International Council of Graphic Design Associations. The ED-Awards are judged by a panel of representatives from eleven European design magazines. The awards are presented at the end of the three-day European Design Conference, and the submissions are featured in the ED-Awards Catalogue.

The jury consists of eleven representatives from high-profile European design magazines: “2+3D”, Poland; “CAP&Design”, Sweden; “+design”, Greece; “étapes:”, France; “Eye”, UK; “IDPURE”, Switzerland; “Items”, The Netherlands; “[kAk)”, Russia; “novum”, Germany; “TYPO”, the Czech Republic; “Visual”, Spain.
(Касаткина Т.Ю. English for Design Students: учеб.пособие)
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Вариант 2 для направления подготовки 54.03.01 Дизайн

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PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN. COLOUR THEORY
Design is the organized arrangement of one or more elements and principles (e.g. line color or texture) for a purpose. Awareness of the elements and principles in design is the first step in creating successful visual compositions. These principles, which may overlap, are used in all visual design fields, including graphic design, industrial design, architecture and fine art. The principles of design are as varied as attitudes regarding modern design. They differ both between the schools of thought that influence design, and between individual practicing designers.

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The principles govern the relationships of the elements used and organize the composition as a whole. Successful design incorporates the use of the principles and elements to serve the designer's purpose and visual goals. There are no rules for their use. The designer's purpose and intent drives the decisions made to achieve appropriate scale and proportion, as well as the degree of harmony between the elements. Design principles are a technical and artificial method to attempt to produce home architectural and interior design beauty.

The principles of design consist of: unity, balance, harmony, contrast, repetition (rhythm, pattern), variety (alternation), emphasis (dominance, focal point or area in a room's decor), proportion (scale), functionality, attraction and design styling, artistic unity, genuineness in media and form, form and function, proximity, decluttering, organization and harmonization of accessories, lighting and light reflection.

Design methods. 1. Design by experimentation: experiment with different shapes, materials, sizes of shapes to optimize functionality and aesthetics of design; for example choosing a good size for a sconce. 2. Design by modification: modify an existing design to improve the aesthetics and functionality of a design; for example modify a colour of a couch to match the colour in a drapery.

3. Design by chance: for example scribble some lines and curves randomly with a pencil on a piece of paper then choose a shape outline seen in it that perhaps may be used as a wood table top. 4. Design by sketching: sketch a house or room design on paper or on computer; sketches and drawings can be easily modified. 5. Design using a moodboard: photographs of lamps and couches, paint swatches, wood samples, textile samples, and room sketches can be placed on the moodboard to help visualize a room design. 6. Design in the mind: may be able to visualize visually pleasing designs of rooms and houses in the mind, entire design project (room decor) can be checked this way inexpensively; this may be the best way to refine a home design. 7. Design with “direct” method: direct is abbreviation for describe, investigate, record, evaluate, construct, and try; for example describe design requirements, investigate design requirements and feasibility, record design progress and plans, evaluate the design to see if design requirements were met, construct the design, and then try or test the home design.

Colour theory in interior design includes the colour wheel. The colour wheel are the colours of the rainbow arranged in a circular array. Colour theory also involves the idea of how colour affects human thought and emotions. Pastel colours are considered as soothing colours. Red on sports cars is considered a daring colour, or may be used to bring emphasis to a part in a design. Colours that have red such as orange, reddish-brown and yellow are assumed to be warm colours because we associate these with sunlight. Woody browns are considered as cozy colours. Colours than have blue are cool colours because we associate blue will cool water and ice. Ice cream packages with white, blue and silver colours may be associated with cool so that buyers may be inclined to buy ice cream on a hot summer day. Colour harmony is a pleasing combination of colours and the amount of these colours in a design like a room decor. Colour harmony could also be a visually pleasing colour combination that enhances the style and character of a design like a home interior design. Colour harmony is also using a limited number of colours in a colour palette usually seven or less initially to help preserve design unity. A visually pleasing colour combination may be chosen for the colour palette of a room for a particular age group and gender. Light neutral colours as dominant colours in a room seem more visually pleasing for people over age 35, because perhaps it resembles the colours in natural stone or wood.
(Касаткина Т.Ю. English for Design Students: учеб.пособие)
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Вариант 1 для направления подготовки 10.03.01 Информационная безопасность

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EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET OF THINGS
The evolution and rapid growth of the Internet was possible with the deployment of nationwide optical fiber backbone networks. Faster speeds and greater bandwidth deliver more opportunities for humans to interact with connected things. With high-speed networks now extending to the mobile user, the opportunities are limitless. Today’s consumer and business user benefits from broadband connectivity, thanks to nationwide cellular and wireless Internet service providers (ISPs). Fueled by the optical fiber backbone infrastructure growth of the late 1990s, ISPs extended their reach by connecting to cellular networks throughout the United States. This led to a surge in connecting mobile endpoints such as smartphones and tablets. People, businesses, and now their devices are connecting to the Internet.

Parents can keep an eye on their children through a secure webcam connection monitoring their living room or day care center. Businesses are using the Internet to conduct secure transactions. Vending machines are now equipped with a cellular phone network antenna for secure credit card transaction processing. Smartphones and tablets that are cellular or Wi-Fi connected can be equipped with secure credit card transaction software. Credit card swiping attachments are also available for mobile payments. Rural healthcare services can be provided using telemedicine, secure video communications, and collaboration. Any device that can connect to the Internet can be accessed by the owner of that device.

The term Internet of Things (IoT) was first used in 1999. Kevin Ashton, a British technology visionary, first used it to describe objects connected to the Internet—any type of objects. Mr. Ashton’s IoT describes objects in the physical world connecting to the Internet and allowing for any-to-any connectivity as long as the use is authorized by its owner. At the same time, radio frequency identification (RFID) was being implemented within supply chain management processes to track the movement of goods and their delivery. Today, the term IoT is used to describe how a wide variety of objects, devices, sensors, and everyday items can connect and be accessed. Connecting IP devices and other objects to the Internet is not a new idea, but the vision of what’s possible with IoT is gaining momentum. The speed of IoT implementations is not slowing down; in fact, it is rapidly increasing. This creates the issues and challenges described previously. Technology and market trends laid the foundation for IoT and are driving where IoT is headed. The danger in this system lies in the fact that these drivers push development and connectivity ahead of the security, privacy, and regulatory compliance that might govern it. How can we protect all of these IP-connected devices? Is it a good idea to connect all your objects and devices to the Internet? The following technology and market trends are drivers for IoT:

IP-based networking is globally adopted—The Internet provides global connectivity for any user, business, or device.

• Connectivity is everywhere—Broadband Internet connectivity is provided free in many public areas and as a benefit for customers (e.g., bars, restaurants, etc.) in cities globally.

• Smaller and faster computing—Smaller semiconductors and faster chips results in faster computing and smaller device sizes.

• Cloud computing is growing—Cloud services allow for faster and easier access to data and content.

Data analytics feeds the growth—Capturing and studying the analytics of what, how, when, and why devices connect and communicate on the Internet feed analytics for enhancing service and performance. The IoT provides an avenue for things to connect. This connectivity encompasses both personal and business life. IoT applications are being developed and hosted in secure cloud infrastructures. This can support a one-to-many delivery model via the Internet. Application service providers (ASPs) are software companies that build applications hosted in the cloud and on the Int ernet. Users don’t have to buy software and install it on their workstations or laptop computers; rather, they run the applications hosted in a cloud using a secure browser. This is sometimes referred to as Software as a Service (SaaS) computing. With the growth in cloud hosting companies such as Amazon Web Services (AWS) came the growth in cloud application development. IoT applications for both personal and business scenarios were born. With ASPs building SaaS applications, new online e-businesses were born. The days of needing a bricks-and-mortar storefront are gone. Today you must have a storefront on the World Wide Web. Without an online presence, businesses have no access to global users and suppliers. Internet marketing, having a World Wide Web presence, and maximizing search engine optimization (SEO) are all important business requirements in today’s IP-connected world.

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(English for Computer Science Students: учеб. пособие / Сост. Т. В. Смирнова, М. В. Юдельсон; науч. ред. Н. А. Дударева)
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