gines?

11. 
    What types of turbines do you learn from the text?
    
12. 
    Where is a nuclear-powered steam turbine applied?
    
13. 
    What types of turbines do warships and some passenger ships have?
    

Ex. 14. Group 2-3 students and speak on the following:

• 
  propulsion systems (human, sailing, mechanical);
  
• 
  reciprocating diesel engines;
  

• 
  nuclear-powered steam turbines;
  
• 
  gas turbines.
  

Ex. 15. Summarize the information from the Unit and be ready with a report on propulsion systems.
Ex. 16. Fill in the crossword according to switch direction:

1↓ − желоб

5↙ − котел

11→ − двигатель

1↘ − ускоритель

6→ − мотор

12↓ − насос

2← − вал

7→ − конденсатор

13↗ − движитель

3↓ − фильтр

8↓ − хладагент

14↑ − генератор

3 → − давление

9↓ − коробка передач

15↑ − напряжение

4↓ − поршень

10↓ − предел

16↖ − обменник

1

2

3

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4		6	5
7	R		8
		9
10		11
12
13	14	15	16

Unit 13. LIFECYCLE OF A SHIP
Ex. 1. Active Vocabulary. Read and learn new words:

lifecycle – жизненный цикл		conversion – изменение, рекон-
stage – стадия, этап, период		струкция
relationship – отношения		underway – на ходу, в пути

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The designer will typically produce an overall plan, a general specifica-tion describing the peculiarities of the vessel, and construction blueprints to be used at the building site. Designs for larger or more complex vessels may also include sail plans, electrical schematics, and plumbing and ventilation plans.

3. 
   Ship construction takes place in a shipyard, and can last from a few months for a unit produced in series, to several years to reconstruct a wooden boat like the frigate Hermione, to more than 10 years for an aircraft carrier. Hull materials and vessel size play a large part in determining the method of con-struction. The hull of a mass-produced fiberglass sailboat is constructed from a mold, while the steel hull of a cargo ship is made from large sections welded to-gether as they are built.
   

Generally, construction starts with the hull and on vessels over about 30 meters, by the laying of the keel. This is done in a drydock or on land. Once the hull is assembled and painted, it is launched. The last stages, such as raising the superstructure and adding equipment and accommodation, can be done after the vessel is afloat.

Once completed, the vessel is delivered to the customer. Ship launching is often a ceremony of some significance, and is usually when the vessel is formal-ly named.

3. 
   Ships undergo nearly constant maintenance during their career, whether they be underway, pierside, or in some cases, in periods of reduced operating status between charters or shipping seasons.
   

Most ships, however, require flights to special facilities such as a drydock at regular intervals. Tasks often done at drydock include removing biological growths on the hull, sandblasting and repainting the hull. Major repairs to the propulsion and steering systems as well as major electrical systems are also of-ten performed at dry dock.

Vessels that sustain major damage at sea may be repaired at a facility equipped for major repairs, such as a shipyard. Ships may also be converted for a new purpose: oil tankers are often converted into floating production storage and offloading units.

3. 
   Most ocean-going cargo ships have a life expectancy of between 20 and 30 years. A sailboat made of plywood or fiberglass can last between 30 and 40 years. Solid wooden ships can last much longer but require regular maintenance. Carefully maintained steel-hulled yachts can have a lifespan of over 100 years.
   

As ships age, forces such as corrosion, osmosis, and rotting compromise hull strength, and a vessel becomes too dangerous to sail. At this point, it can be scuttled at sea or scrapped by shipbreakers. Ships can also be used as museum ships, or expended to construct breakwaters or artificial reefs.
Many ships do not make it to the scrapyard, and are lost in fires, colli-sions, grounding, or sinking at sea.

Ex. 7. Entitle the passages of the text.
Ex. 8. Translate from English into Russian:

several stages during the ship’s career

an initial contract to build the ship −

• 
  _____________________________ _______________________________
  

after construction − _______________	to go into service − _______________
to create a project outline − _________	to assess required dimensions − _____
to create a basic layout of spaces and a	to iterate on the ship’s design − _____
rough displacement − _____________	a general specification describing the
construction blueprints to be used at	peculiarities of the vessel − ________
the building site − ________________	electrical schematics − ____________
plumbing and ventilation plans − ____	a unit produced in series − _________
in determining the method of construc-	a mass-produced fiberglass sailboat −
tion − __________________________	_______________________________
large sections welded together − _____	by the laying of the keel − _________
once the hull is assembled and painted	the vessel is afloat − ______________
− _____________________________	to deliver to the customer − ________
a ceremony of some significance − ___	to undergo nearly constant mainten-
to be underway − ________________	ance − _____________________
to remove biological growths − _____	between charters or shipping seasons −
to sandblast and repaint the hull − ___	_______________________________
the propulsion and steering systems −	to sustain major damage at sea − ____
_______________________________	_______________________________
a life expectancy − _______________	to be converted into floating produc-
a lifespan − _____________________	tion storage and offloading units −
as ships age − ___________________	_______________________________
to be scuttled at sea or scrapped by	too dangerous to sail − ____________
shipbreakers − _________________	to be lost in fires and collisions − ____

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