Ex. 6. Read the text “SHIP POLLUTION”. SHIP POLLUTION

Ship pollution is the pollution of air and water by shipping. It is a problem that has been accelerating as trade has become increasingly globalized, posing an increasing threat to the world’s oceans and waterways as globalization con-tinues. Because of increased traffic in ocean ports, pollution from ships also di-rectly affects coastal areas. The pollution produced affects biodiversity, climate, food, and human health.

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1. Oil spills
Oil spills have devastating effects on the environment. Crude oil contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which are very difficult to clean up, and last for years in the sediment and marine environment. Marine species con-stantly exposed to PAHs can exhibit developmental problems, susceptibility to disease, and abnormal reproductive cycles.
By the sheer amount of oil carried, modern oil tankers must be considered something of a threat to the environment. The International Tanker Owners Pol-lution Federation has researched 9,351 accidental spills since 1974. According to this study, most spills result from routine operations such as loading cargo, discharging cargo, and taking on fuel oil. Spills resulting from accidents like collisions, groundings, hull failures, and explosions are much larger.

The United States passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA-90), which included a stipulation that all tankers entering its waters be double -hulled by 2015. The European Union passed its own stringent anti-pollution packages, which require all tankers entering its waters to be double-hulled by 2010.
2. Ballast water
When a large vessel such as a container ship or an oil tanker unloads car-go, seawater is pumped into compartments in the hull to help stabilize and bal-ance the ship. During loading, this ballast water is pumped out from these com-partments. One of the problems with ballast water transfer is the transport of harmful organisms.
Ballast and bilge discharge from ships can also spread human pathogens and other harmful diseases and toxins potentially causing health issues for hu-mans and marine life alike. Discharges into coastal waters, along with other sources of marine pollution, have the potential to be toxic to marine plants, ani-mals, and microorganisms, causing alterations such as changes in growth, dis-ruption of hormone cycles, birth defects, suppression of the immune system, and disorders resulting in cancer, tumors, and genetic abnormalities or even death.
3. Exhaust emissions
Exhaust emissions from ships are considered to be a significant source of air pollution. Seagoing vessels are responsible for an estimated 14 percent of emissions of nitrogen from fossil fuels and 16 percent of the emissions of sul-phur from petroleum uses into the atmosphere. In Europe ships make up a large percentage of the sulphur introduced to the air, as much sulfur as all the cars, lorries and factories in Europe put together. By 2010, up to 40% of air pollution over land could come from ships.
4. Marine fuel management
Marine fuel management (MFM) is a multi -level approach to measuring, monitoring, and reporting fuel usage on a boat or ship, with the goals of reduc-ing fuel usage, increasing operational efficiency, and improving fleet manage-ment oversight. MFM has grown in importance due to the rising costs of marine fuel and increased governmental pressures to reduce the pollution generated by the world’s fleet.

Effective MFM requires that you know: how much fuel is used? how the fuel was used? what things impact fuel usage? and by how much?
MFM allows a fleet owner to track actual fuel consumption and relate fuel consumption to the work performed by the vessel. It supports the analysis of the effectiveness of operating strategies and helps develop a clearer understanding of how well a vessel uses its fuel.

Ex. 7. Translate from English into Russian:

ship pollution − __________________	as trade has become globalized − ____
the world’s oceans and waterways −	pollution affects coastal areas − _____
_______________________________	human health − __________________
oil spills − ______________________	polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon − ___
to clean up − ____________________	_______________________________
marine species − _________________	the sediment and marine environment
to exhibit developmental problems −	− _____________________________
_______________________________	susceptibility to disease − __________
accidental spills − ________________	abnormal reproductive cycle − ______
discharging cargo − _______________	loading cargo − __________________
double-hulled tankers − ___________	taking on fuel oil − _______________
to help stabilize and balance the ship −	ballast water − ___________________
_______________________________	the transport of harmful organisms −
human pathogens − _______________	_______________________________
to cause alteration − ______________	harmful diseases and toxins − _______
disruption of hormone cycles − _____	changes in growth − ______________
suppression of the immune system −	birth defects − ___________________
_______________________________	exhaust emissions − ______________
emissions of nitrogen from fossil fuels	a significant source of air pollution −

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• 
  _____________________________ _______________________________
  

marine fuel management − _________		emissions of sulphur from petroleum −
multi-level approach − ____________	____________________________
increasing operational efficiency − ___		improving fleet management oversight
the rising costs − _________________		− _____________________________
governmental pressure − ___________		to track and relate fuel consumption to
reducing fuel usage − _____________		the work of the vessel − ___________
Ex. 8. Render into English:
загрязнение от судоходства − _____		загрязнение воздуха и воды − _____
рост проблемы − ________________		представлять растущую угрозу ми-
увеличение движения в портах − ___		ровому океану − ________________
влиять на биологическое разно-		нефтяные пятна − _______________
образие − ______________________		разрушительный эффект на окру-
оставаться на многие годы − ______		жающую среду − ________________
восприимчивость к болезням − ____		проблемы развития − ____________
неправильный репродуктивный		по явному количеству − __________
цикл − _________________________		перевозимая нефть − _____________
владелец танкера − ______________		международная федерация владель-
исследовать случаи разлива нефти −		цев танкеров по вопросам загрязне-
_______________________________		ния − __________________________

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столкновение − _________________		посадка на мель − _______________
взрыв − ________________________		повреждение корпуса судна − _____
соглашение − ___________________		танкер с двойным корпусом − _____
балластные воды − ______________		пакеты документов по вопросам
откачивать морскую воду − _______		строжайшей защиты окружающей
способствовать равновесию и ба-		среды − ________________________
лансировке корабля − ____________		перевозка вредных организмов −
балластная и льяльная разгрузка −		_______________________________
_______________________________		распространение человеческих бо-
вызывать проблемы со здоровьем −		лезнетворных организмов − _______
_______________________________		сброс в прибрежные воды − _______
приводить к заболеваниям рака и		источники загрязнения − _________
различным опухолям − ___________		выхлопная эмиссия − ____________
управление морским топливом −		выброс серы в воздух − __________
_______________________________		многоуровневый подход − ________
цель снижения потребления топлива		использование топлива − _________
− _____________________________		улучшать надзор за потреблением
повышать затраты − _____________		топлива − ______________________
отслеживать потребление топлива −		увеличить правительственное дав-
_____________________________		ление − ________________________

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Ex. 9. Explain the meaning of the following words and word-combi-nations:
biodiversity, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, pollution, susceptibility to disease, double-hulled, harmful organism, disruption of hormone cycle, marine fuel management.
Ex. 10. Fill in the gaps with prepositions where necessary (see Appendix 5,
Table А5.2):



because of, into, with, of, on, by, to, in, from

1. 
   Ship pollution is the pollution ___ air and water ___ shipping.
   
2. 
   Pollution _____ ships directly affects ___ coastal areas ___ increased traffic ___ ports.
   
3. 
   Oil spills effect ___ the environment.
   
4. 
   Marine species exposed ___ PAHs can exhibit developmental problems.
   

5. 
   Modern oil tankers must be considered something ___ a threat ___ the environment ___ the sheer amount ___ oil carried.
   
6. 
   ___ 2015 all tankers must be double-hulled.
   
7. 
   ___ stabilize and balance the ship seawater is to be pumped ___ com-partments ___ the hull.
   

8. 
   The transport ___ harmful organisms is one ___ the problems ___ bal-last water transfer.
   

8. 
   Ballast and bilge waters ___ ships can spread human pathogens and other harmful diseases.
   
9. 
   Exhaust emissions ___ ships is a significant source ___ air pollution.
   

Ex. 11. Make up a plan to the text.
Ex. 12. Answer the questions to the text:

1. 
   What is ship pollution?
   
2. 
   What does pollution affect?
   
3. 
   What effects on the environment do oil spills have? Give examples.
   
4. 
   What stipulations are necessary for oil tankers?
   
5. 
   Ballast and bilge waters are potentially causing human health prob-lems and adversely affecting sea animals, aren’t they?
   

6. 
   What do exhaust emissions result in?
   
7. 
   What is the average percent of air pollution coming from ships?
   
8. 
   What is the major goal of MFM?
   
9. 
   What does effective MFM require?
   
10. 
    What does MFM allow a fleet owner?
    
11. 
    What analysis does MFM support?
    

Ex. 13. Write down key words and word-combinations from the text ac-cording to the plan.
Ex. 14. Write a summary of the text. Use the key word-combinations.
Ex. 15. Read the dialogue.
Inspector: Good afternoon. I am an inspector of Marine Pollution Con-trol Department¹. The point is that we have found a big oil spill on the water surface not far from your ship.
Chief Engineer: I’m afraid, you’re mistaken, Inspector. Out ship has got all thenecessary facilities to prevent any pollution.
Inspector: It’s all very good. Perhaps I’m wrong, but I’m on duty to check all the possible sources of pollution. D’you keep an Oil Record Book²?

Chief Engineer: Yes, certainly. Here you are.
Inspector: Oh, yes, according to your entries³ you have had no spillage for a long time.
Chief Engineer: By the way, I can show you our International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate. And you can make a tour of the ship to

	make sure that there are no traces of oil spill or oil leakage.
Inspector:	Have you taken oil samples from that area?
	Yes, we have.
Chief Engineer:	Then I’ll ask you to take samples of oil from our tanks and the
Inspector:	analysis will show you if those samples are identical or not.
	Thank you for your assistance, Sir.

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