Файл: Технологический университет.docx

Вариант 2 для направления подготовки 38.03.01 Экономика (Финансы и кредит)

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INTERNATIONAL REGULATION
The international coordination of prudential regulation at global level is increasingly important. As was discussed in Chapter 2, there has been a rapid growth of international banking, and financial conglomerates. A number of arguments favour global coordination of prudential regulations. First, policy makers, bank management and regulators recognise that problems with the global institutions and markets could undermine the stability of the international financial system, and therefore the environment in which all banks operate.

Second, if a branch or subsidiary of a bank is located in another country, there is the question of which supervisory authority should have jurisdiction over the branch. Home country regulators will want to ensure a bank’s overseas operations meet their supervisory standards because foreign operations will be difficult to monitor but affect the performance of the parent. Host country authorities are concerned with the effect the failure of a foreign bank could have on the confidence in its banking system. They will want to see the foreign branch to be adequately supervised, but will lack information about the parent operations. For these reasons, effective international coordination will only be achieved if there is good communication between the supervisory authorities.

Third, if all multinational banks are required to meet the same global regulations, compliance costs will be similar. Hence a global approach to regulation can help to level the competitive playing field for banks with international operations. It is worth noting that decisions taken by international regulators are increasingly being used as benchmarks for other banks. For example, the Basel Committee’s (see below) 1988 agreement on capital standards was adopted by not only the member countries, but also by governments that were not signatories to the agreement. Also, many regulators impose the Basel agreements on domestic banks.

On the other hand, it could be argued that international banking is largely wholesale, making prudential regulation less important from the standpoint of consumer protection, depending as it does on interbank and corporate business. However, the performance of a global bank will affect the confidence of depositors and investors located in the home country. Unprotected wholesale depositors are capable of starting bank runs, and the enormous size of the interbank market creates the potential for a rapid domino effect. Often, the first indication of a problem bank is when it has trouble raising interbank loans – wholesale depositors will be the first to withdraw their money.

An excellent example of this phenomenon is Continental Illinois Bank, rescued by a ‘‘lifeboat’’ in 1984. The bank was highly dependent on the interbank markets for funding, which was quickly cut off once rumours about its health began to circulate. The rapid loss in liquidity merely exacerbated the problems, prompting a rescue organised by the Federal Reserve. Furthermore, if a global bank acquires a bad reputation as a result of some international transaction, and has a retail presence in its home country, it may find itself the target of a run. Finally, global financial conglomerates, if they get into difficulties, can cause problems in more than one country.
(Шпетный К.И., Калмыкова Е.И., Захарова М.А., Казанчян К.П. Английский язык для экономистов)
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III. Найдите абзац, в котором выражена основная идея текста.

IV. Напишите краткий план текста на английском языке.

Вариант 1 для направления подготовки 38.05.02 – «Таможенное дело»

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The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an organization that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade. The organization officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakech Agreement, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. The organization deals with regulation of trade between participating countries; it provides a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements, and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements, which are signed by representatives of member governments and ratified by their parliaments. WTO's current Director-General is Pascal Lamy, who leads a staff of over 600 people in Geneva, Switzerland.

In 2011, Russia completed negotiations regarding its accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO). Membership of the WTO will give Russia the advantages of being able to play a role in setting world trade rules, of Russian manufacturers not seeing their goods discriminated against on foreign markets, and of trade disputes between Russia and other partners being able to be resolved using procedures within the WTO framework. After Russia becomes a member of the WTO (the necessary legal procedures have been successfully completed in autumn 2012), the rates of duty may not be established at a rate higher than is set by Russia's obligations to the WTO. In the Customs Union's current Harmonized Customs Tariff, the rates of import duty are no higher than 5 percent for more than 40 percent of commodity classifications codes, which when there are currency fluctuations of the nature witnessed in 2011 can scarcely be regarded as a protective barrier against imports.

It should be also noted that, in Russia and the Customs Union, not all the measures to stimulate the setting up of new manufacturing, including export-oriented and high technology, that do not contradict to the WTO rules have been used measures. For example, the processing customs regimes has not been put into practice. Also, in many cases the Customs Union's Harmonized Customs Tariff violates the tariff escalation principle by setting rates of import duty for ready products at a significantly lower level than those for the materials and components from which they are made. Requirements for customs formalities and procedures constitute a minor part of the WTO rules. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) of 1947 contains general principles for arranging customs formalities with a view to them not being artificial barriers in trade. Article VIII of GATT requires customs fees to be restricted in their amount to the approximate value of the services supplied, and not to be used for fiscal purposes. After Russia becomes a member of the WTO, the maximum amount of customs fees will be 30,000 rubles as opposed to 100,000 rubles currently.

Article VIII of GATT establishes also the principle that punishments for customs violations must be proportionate: "No contracting party shall impose substantial penalties for minor breaches of customs regulations or procedural requirements. In particular, no penalty in respect of any omission or mistake in customs documentation that is easily rectifiable and obviously made without fraudulent intent or gross negligence shall be greater than necessary to serve merely as a warning." In practice, if, before a customs declaration is submitted, an importer or its customs broker have not identified errors in documents submitted to the customs office, the penalty, for example, for incorrectly referring to an article of the commodity in the customs declaration, may be up to 200 percent of the value of the goods.
(Никитин В.В. Customs Authority. Сборник текстов)

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IV. Напишите краткий план текста на английском языке.

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Вариант 2 для направления подготовки 38.05.02 – «Таможенное дело»

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Conventional cargo is a term used to describe freight that is ordinarily shipped by a known carrier on a regular basis. Conventional shipping is mainly used for bulk cargo. This can be unpacked cargo such as grains, pumped directly from silos at the ports into the vessel's loading bays, or bagged cargo. Other uses for conventional vessels include the shipping of goods that, owing to their weight or dimensions, cannot be loaded in a container. The logistics of infrastructure- and other projects often involves shipment of goods on conventional vessels. While containerization has revolutionized ocean freight around the world over the past decades, it still makes up only around 10% of the world fleet. Conventional vessels with loading bays and stowage areas below deck are of course still very much in demand. Please see below for the requirements for clearance of conventional cargoes at the checkpoints:

Import

For import, traders should produce the Customs IN Permit (or an import authorization or ATA Carnet in lieu of a Permit) with the supporting documents (such as invoice, packing list, bill of lading etc.) to the ICA officers at the entry checkpoint for the clearance of the goods. For import of goods for local consumption, the duties and/or GST have to be paid before the goods can be released for entry. For a consignment which requires partial clearance, the trader should produce the same permit each time for customs endorsement until the whole consignment is completely cleared. Please note that partial clearance is not allowed for consignments coming in via Woodlands and Tuas checkpoints.

Export

For dutiable and controlled goods, the trader must obtain a Customs OUT Permit from Customs or the Controlling Authority, as appropriate, before export. The Customs OUT Permit will have to be produced to the ICA officers at the exit checkpoint for the clearance of the goods. For export of non-dutiable and non-controlled goods by air or sea, the trader must obtain a Customs OUT Permit from Customs before export. The Customs OUT Permit is not required to be presented at the exit checkpoint, unless there is a specific condition imposed on the permit. However, as a good practice, exporters/haulers/forwarders should minimally have the permit number available upon cargo lodgment, in case there is any need for verification. Where export of such goods is effected by road, the trader should produce the Customs OUT Permit at the time of export clearance. The trader should produce the Customs OUT Permit at the exit checkpoint for the clearance of: export of dutiable goods from licensed warehouses; export of goods from bonded warehouses; export of goods under the Temporary Export Scheme; and re-export of goods previous imported under the Temporary Import Scheme. The Customs seal placed on the cargo, if any, will be verified by the ICA Officers at the exit checkpoint before release of the cargo. No dutiable goods may normally be exported by sea unless the vessel which carries the goods exceeds 75 NRT (net registered tonnage).

Transshipment

Customs Transshipment/Removal permits are required for the re-export of: dutiable goods and non-dutiable goods, which pass through Customs territory from one entry point to an exit point. No Customs Transshipment/Removal permit is required for the transshipment of non-dutiable and non-controlled cargo within the same FTZ.

For goods under through bills of lading/airway bills, Customs Transshipment/ Removal permits are required for:

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  transshipment of dutiable goods except: if the goods are imported by air and to be re-exported by air within Changi FTZ;
  
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  and if the goods are imported by sea in a container and are to be re-exported in the same container (without undergoing un-stuffing and re-stuffing operation) by internal delivery;
  
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  transshipment of non-dutiable goods and non-controlled by external delivery;
  
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  or transshipment of controlled goods. No Customs Transshipment/Removal permit is required for the transshipment of non-dutiable and non-controlled cargo within the same FTZ. Locally manufactured products and GST- paid import cargoes are allowed to be stored in the FTZ pending export/transshipment. However, they are subject to payment of GST if the goods are subsequently brought back into Customs territory.
  

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(Никитин В.В. Customs Authority. Сборник текстов)
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III. Найдите абзац, в котором выражена основная идея текста.

IV. Напишите краткий план текста на английском языке.

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Вариант 1 для направления подготовки 24.05.01 – «Проектирование, производство и эксплуатация ракет и ракетно-космических комплексов»

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THE HISTORY OF MECHATRONICS
The name "mechatronics" was originated in 1969 by senior engineer Tetsura Mori. He was working for a Japanese company called Yaskawa Electric Corporation that was famous for building mechanical factory equipment. At that time, Yaskawa Electric Corporation was using some electronic features for manufacturing mechanical equipment. Mori wanted to introduce a technical term for that new technology, so he combined the two technical words ‘mechanical’ and ‘electronics’ and created the new word "Mechatronics". In 1970, Yaskawa applied to make this word a registered brand and got the rights in 1973. But, at that time this term didn’t gain much popularity. After the 1980s, the term started gaining popularity because of its useful features. Earlier, this term was based on only some electrical and electronic computers, but after the 1980s, the use of computer technology was integrated. The controlling and functioning of machines became much easier by use computer hardware and software. This allowed the start of manufacturing of a variety of products of any size with very high accuracy and comparatively low cost.

Mechatronics, although still a new term as compared to other well established branches of engineering, now seems to be firmly established. Now, individuals and industries around the world use the term freely. At the research and development level, mechatronics is classified into ten technical areas: Motion Control, Robotics, Automotive Systems, Intelligent Control, Actuators and Sensors, Modeling and Design, System Integration, Manufacturing, Micro Devices and Optoelectronics, and Vibration and Noise control.

Now the application area of mechatronics is extremely broad. This technology is firmly used in the automation of machines, servo-mechanics, industrial goods, biomedical systems, energy and power systems, vehicular systems, data communication systems, computer aided design, CNC and DNC systems, etc. Robotics is directly dependent upon this technique. There are uncountable examples where this technology is used. But proper application, utilization, and maintenance of these high technology products and systems are also some important characteristics because these factors are responsible for the enhancement of productivity and the quality of the product and system. Obviously, the design of future products will involve a combination of precision mechanical and electronic systems, and mechatronics will be the basis for all activities in products and production technology.
(The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. URL: https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/robots-grow-in-numbers)

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III. Найдите абзац, в котором выражена основная идея текста.

IV. Напишите краткий план текста на английском языке.

Вариант 2 для направления подготовки 24.05.01 – «Проектирование, производство и эксплуатация ракет и ракетно-космических комплексов»

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DECOMMISSIONING OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS
By definition, robots are aids created to make work easier, faster, more accurate, and safer to do. They are mechanically driven and have some artificial intelligence that can be programmed to perform different commands. Robots have been developed for many reasons, but have largely found their major use in the manufacturing sector. Some of the work that can be performed by industrial robots is the lifting of heavy weights, painting, drilling, welding, and handling chemicals and hazardous materials. These robots are mainly fixed and have limited movement.

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