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Maintenance departments and facilities that handle hazardous material also use robots to do work. Exploration missions to the moon and more recently to Mars used robotic equipment to survey and collect data for research centers on earth. Exploration robots are built to withstand extreme conditions and are mobile; they need to be mobile to conduct geological surveys and collect data and samples. Anti-terrorism agencies and the military use robots to neutralize dangerous things like bombs or mines. Personal robots are rare since they need to be programmed to do many different tasks.
When industrial robots stop working or are replaced with newer versions, it is called "decommissioning". The problem of disposal, of course, starts after the robot has been decommissioned. Resale, sending to a scrap yard, using it for land-fill, and recycling are some of the options available for decommissioned robots. The fate that a decommissioned robot meets depends on the nature of work for which it was developed, the materials used for making it, and the law of the land. If no potential customer for the used equipment comes forward, retired industrial robots should ideally be sent to recycling plants for the proper disposal of the different materials used to build them. Most robots are built using plastic and metals, which should not pose any dangers, but within these robots are many electronic sensors, motion detectors, batteries, motors, and other part that may contain harmful materials. This does not apply to all robots, but particularly does for robots that are constructed as a single operational unit.
Robotic attachments like used pick and place robots, painting robots, and precision welding, positioning, and manufacturing robots, as well as all robots that receive commands from a central command, do not pose a high pollution risk as they are composed mostly of mechanical parts. Nevertheless, all used robots, if possible, should be sent to robot recycling units who specialize in dismantling them and extracting all the reusable parts and materials.
Robots that have been used in certain hazardous operations such as inside nuclear power plants may never get proper disposal due to the nature of the work they have to do. When they are retired or break down, replacement is done and the old robot is moved to a storage area within the secured perimeter. Exploration robots are also never built for cycling since there fate is not predictable. Robots on the moon and mars are some example of these kinds of irretrievable robots. Back on earth the problem is getting bigger with the risk of contamination of water reservoirs and underground water by harmful elements that are contained within the artificial intelligence and sensors that controls the robots mobility and precision. People who are environmentally conscious have created innovative ways by which they can contribute to reducing pollution.
(The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. URL: https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/robots-grow-in-numbers)
II. Задайте к каждому абзацу 3 специальных вопроса.
III. Найдите абзац, в котором выражена основная идея текста.
IV. Напишите краткий план текста на английском языке.
Тренировочные упражнения для работы в аудитории
1. Вставьте частицу «to» перед инфинитивом, где необходимо [7].
1. Let me___ help you with your homework.
2. May I___ come in?
3. I can ____ walk your dog this week.
4. I want___ travel around the world.
5. We would like ___ try this famous bottle of wine.
6. We can___ speak English and German.
7. They heard _ her words.
8. He would rather ____ find another trip, because this one is not interesting.
9. He did not want___ play tennis any more.
10. Would you like ___ try my apple pie
11. She had better _____ apply for this job.
12. You have___ work hard because you want_ be rich.
13. He will ___ watch TV this weekends.
14. She want___ play the piano on the party.
15. Jesse made her son ____ eat the porridge.
16. The students should _ study very well to be professionals.
17. I like___ draw.
18. Would you like ____ try our new dish?
19. I would like ____ some juice.
20. Would you like ____ know about that article?
2. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на Perfect Infinitive [7].
-
He looks tired. He seems to have been studying for the test all night. -
She can’t have been revising for her exam yesterday. -
We intended to have gone to Wales this summer, but we didn’t. -
Steve claims to have traveled around the world. -
She tried to contact me, but the phone must have been engaged. -
You needn’t have been so extravagant. -
He was to have been the new manager, but he fell ill. -
We should have reserved a table. There are no free tables at the restaurant now. -
You ought to have told him that the paint on that seat was wet. -
I could have lent you the money. Why didn’t you ask me? -
You might have told me. I think I have a right to know. -
I meant to have called him but I forgot. -
He expected to have arrived on Monday but was kept at work. -
They seem to have gone to a lot of places. -
He claims to have worked here before. -
I’d rather have stayed in last night. -
She didn’t open the door. She must have been sleeping. -
They must have been living here for a long time. -
She is considered to have been a famous singer. -
He is said to have left the country.
3. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на Passive Infinitive [7].
-
Our company was glad to be invited to the conference. -
I don’t want to be seen in this company. -
He doesn’t want this picture to be shown. -
There is just one thing to be done about this. Leave it as it is. -
The room is empty. There are no children to be seen. -
There was no sound to be heard. -
A lot of questions remain to be answered. -
He wants to be warned when the chief comes. -
He wishes to be given some money. -
He doesn’t like to be talked about. -
He wishes to be left alone. -
I don’t like to be interrupted. -
There were many things to be done: the dishes to be washed out, the floor to be swept, the clothes to be ironed. -
She doesn’t like to be asked questions. -
There’s nothing to be done. He already knows the bad news. -
She wishes to be assisted in this work. -
We don’t want to be followed by you. -
She wants to be given some time to think it over. -
He is one to be cheated. -
It’s nice to love and to be loved.
4. Откройте скобки, используя нужную форму инфинитива [7].
1. She does not like (ask/be asked) questions because she doesn’t know how to answer them. 2. Ann was made (pay/be paid) back the money. 3. The goods must (deliver/be delivered) by Wednesday. 4. I was glad (meet/ be met) at the bus stop. 5. Children like (tell/be told) tales and always (listen/be listen) to them with interest. 6. Peter didn’t think (interrupt/be interrupted) his brother. 7. She is glad (sent/be sent) to London. 8. He likes (ask/be asked) his professor questions. 9. They are glad (invite/ be invited) to the wedding. 10. Be careful with him. He is a very resentful person. He can’t bear (joke/be joked at). 11. He will be happy (see/be seen) you. 12. Look, a ship can (see/be seen) in the distance. Can you (see/be seen) it? 13. These sheets are (wash/be washed). 14. I don’t like (interrupt/be interrupted). 15. She does not like (laugh/be laughed) at other people.
5. Переведите предложения на русский язык [7].
1. As almost everyone knows, advertising is in the doldrums. It isn`t just the recession. Advertising started to plummet early in 1989, well before the recession really began to bite.
2. Advertising`s problems are more fundamental, and the decline is worldwide.
3. The unhappy truth is that advertising has failed to keep up with the pace of economic change.
4. Advertisers like to think in terms of mass markets and mass media; but as brands and media have proliferated, target markets have fragmented.
5. Even campaigns for major brands ought to be targeted at minority audiences, but they rarely are. That is the principal way in which advertising has gone astray.
6. Think about your own shopping habits.
7. If you visit supermarket you may leave with 30, 40 or perhaps 50 items listed on your checkout bill, the average number of items of all kinds purchased per visit of all kinds.
8. Even when you throw in confectionery, medicines, hardware, all the services you can think of, it is virtually certain you do not buy more than 400 different brands a year.
9. Compare the figure with the 32,500 branded goods and services that, according to Media Register, are advertised.
10. Let`s ignore the 23,000 which spend less than £50,000 a year, and concentrate on the 9,500 brands that Media Register individually lists and analyses.
11. Advertising has to communicate with large numbers of people to reach the relevant minority, because the advertiser cannot know, in advance, exactly which individuals will respond to his blandishments.
12. Media advertising works, despite its much publicized expense, because it is a cheap means of mass communication.
13. Human beings have been munching apples since prehistoric times. They spat out apple pips in Neolithic Britain. And 10,000 years ago they left apple remains to carbonise around their Swiss and Italian lakeside homes.
14. Supermarkets may spread low price staples such as bread, tea and sugar around their stores and a long way from the entrance – shoppers have to pass tempting, higher-profit lines on the way.
15. The location of products in stores is considered all-important in determining how well a particular brand sells.
6. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на Complex Object [7].
-
We expect him to do this work. -
I don't consider him to be a good seller. -
He knows her to have graduated from the university two years ago. -
The manager considers the results to be unsatisfactory. -
Paul wants me to leave. -
We expect Kate to be elected. -
We want them to introduce the changes as soon as possible. -
We expect interest rates to rise next week. -
The scientists expect this effect to be relatively small. -
I want my granny to take me to the circus. -
Miss Bright believed Brown to have stolen the money. -
They expected him to be caught by the police. -
Margaret believes Elizabeth to be very bright. -
She saw the door close behind them. -
He heard her bereally rudeto Peter yesterday. -
I want you to visit me in the evening. -
Pete wants me to write the letter. -
I heard her say these words. -
We saw her run into the house. -
I watched the children playing with a ball.
7. Откройте скобки, используя сложное дополнение[7].
Example: He expected (they, arrive) at 5. – He expected them to arrive at 5.
1. Do you want (they, stay) at the hotel or with us? 2. I’d like (the professor, look through) my report. 3. Do you want (I, show) you the sights of the city? 4. We expect (he, arrange) everything by the time we come. 5. I want (she, tell) me the news in brief. 6. He expected (the meeting, hold) in the Red Room. 7. I would like (they, fix) an appointment for me for Tuesday. 8. We want (she, introduce) us to the president. 9. I don’t want (they, be late) for dinner. 9. He expected (she, invite) to the party by the Smiths. 10. I’d like (the dress, buy) by Saturday. 11. We consider (he, be) an honest person. 12. I don’t like (she, prevent) me from doing it. 13. I suspect (he, help) by her. 14. The manager expected (the staff, do) this work by Friday. 15. The customer wanted (the goods, deliver) in time.
8. Изменитепредложения, используясложноедополнение[7].
1. I didn’t expect that she would forget about this conference. 2. She saw how the children were playing in the park. 3. Do you know that he went abroad two days ago? 4. I like to watch how she dances. 5. She could hardly believe that he had been rescued. 6. He expects that everybody will be ready to do this work. 7. I don’t like when people are late. 8. Don’t consider that he is a hero. He is an ordinary man. 9. I’ve heard how he was arguing with the chief. 10. she likes to watch how the sun sets. 11. I suspect that he has taken my money. 12. I hate when people shout at each other. 13. They suppose that he will cope with this work. 14. We expect that he will solve this problem soon. 15. He wants that the staff always come in time.
9. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя сложное дополнение [7].
1. Они рассчитывают, что работа будет сделана завтра.
2. Ты рассчитываешь, что экзамен перенесут.
3. Мы не рассчитывали, что ее день рождение будет в субботу.
4. Я знаю, что ты хороший руководитель.
5. Я знала, что они прекрасная пара.
6. Я не рассчитывала, что он приедет скоро.
7. Фотограф рассчитывал, что клиентам понравятся фотографии.
8. Мы не ожидали, что она сошьет такое красивое платье.
9. Она знала, что он купит ее машину.
10. Все знали, что она отличный дизайнер.
11. Он ожидал, что они выполнят контракт.
12. Мы рассчитывали, что она отлично организует конференцию.
13. Я хочу, чтобы мой сын часто бывал на открытом воздухе.
14. Начальник хотел, чтобы работа была сделана вовремя.
15. Мы установили, что прибыль в этом году возросла.
16. Управляющий ожидал, что совещание пройдет успешно.
17. Персонал хотел, чтобы им повысили зарплату.
18. Он попросил отремонтировать машину.
19. Я часто слышу, как он выступает на собраниях.
20. Клиент хочет, чтобы товар доставили завтра.
10. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на
Complex Subject [7].
A.
-
Do you happen to hear the news? -
She turned out to be a mean person. -
They seemed/appeared to be discussing something important. -
The conference is supposed to begin at ten. -
She is said to be a very skilled worker. -
She was made to leave the room. -
She is sure to become your friend. -
I’m likely to be busy tomorrow. -
He is said to study French and German. -
He was said to study French and German. -
He is said to have studied English in Great Britain. -
He was said to have studied English in Great Britain. -
Kate is expected to come any minute. -
The water seems to be boiling. -
The Delegation is reported to have left Manchester. -
She is likely to know his address. -
She is sure to be asked about it. -
He is said to be very beautiful. -
The lorry was seen to disappear. -
She is said to be at the customs now. -
The new manager is said to work 12 hours a day. -
The free market economy is said to be more flexible. -
Four people are reported to have been injured in the explosion. -
The strike is expected to end soon. -
Consumers are assumed to wish to maximize their utility of satisfaction.
B.
1. Juri Gagarin is known to be the first man in the world to travel into space on April 12th, 1961.
2. The exhibition of 18th century French painting is expected to open by the end of the next week.
3. An increase in the output of capital goods is likely to mean that the current consumption of goods and services is less than it might have been.
4. The American astronaut Neil Armstrong is known to be the first man to walk on the moon in 1969.
5. Leonardo da Vinci is known to be a great Italian painter of the Renaissance.
6. The budget deficit is known to be the excess of government expenditure over government revenue.
7. Markets are said to bring together buyers and sellers of goods and services.
8. The massive influx (зд. включение) of women into the labour force is sometimes assumed to result in unemployment.
9. Alcohol and tobacco are usually believed to be products with a very inelastic demand.
10. An increase in the wage rate is expected to reduce the quantity of labour demanded.
11. A subsidy is known to be money or other resources provided by the government to support a business activity or a person.
12. Demand for imports is expected to rise when domestic income and output rise.
13. Students studying economics can expect higher earnings than those of students studying philosophy.
14. The economics of factor markets differs from that of output markets since there is something special about demand in factor markets.
15. It is a biological fact that living organisms consist of a variety of cells.
16. An increase in real wages will bring into work some more people while those already working will not vary their own supply.
17. Trade unions represent those people who work, not those people who are unemployed.
18. At that price the quantity demanded exceeded the quantity supplied.
С.
1. The Empire State Building is considered to be the highest building in New York.
2. Due to an increase in the price of one factor of production the firm reduces the input of the factor that has become more expensive.
3. An increase in the price of one factor will result in a reduction in the quantity of that factor demanded.
4. When we talk about "the national labour force", we are thinking of all those people who are available for work within the nation.
5. If a person runs a private business, his work is partly that of an employer and partly that of a worker.
6. The train was supposed to arrive at 7 o'clock but it was half an hour late.
A tax rate over 45 percent is known to result in a reduction in the taxes raised.
7. If labour supply is inelastic, there will be an increase in wages as a result of improvements in technology.
8. When transfers (e.g., unemployment benefits, disability payments) are added to labour incomes and distributed profits, the result is personal income.