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Salikhova Gulzhainar Galizhapparovna
PARADOX IN BERNARD SHAW’S PLAYS: «THE DOCTOR’S DILEMMA»
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
In this dissertation the following terms and their definitions are used:
Paradox - is comes from the Greek, where para is" wrong," doxa is "opinion" from dokein – "to think, to believe". This is an unexpected, unusual (at least in form) judgment (statement, sentence), sharply at odds with the generally accepted, traditional opinion on this issue.
Drama - is also easier to understand because there are conversations between the characters and the language
Genre - is a language classification that occurs in all types of art.
Design - determining the specifics of the situation and volatility
Myth - a story about the life of people, the place of man in life, about the gods and heroes.
Stylistics - is a field of linguistics that studies artistic techniques, methods of their application, patterns, and results of interrelation between them.
Dilemma - some people mistake dilemmas for paradoxes, but they’re actually quite different. A dilemma is a difficult choice, whereas a paradox is a violation of logic itself. In a dilemma, we may have conflicting needs or desires, but those desires are logically compatible, so there’s no logical paradox.
Irony - is an event or circumstance that violates our expectations.
Oxymoron - is an apparent paradox that can be escaped through puns or double entendre.
Juxtaposition - when an author places two or more disparate elements next to one another, this is referred to as juxtaposition, but it can also fall under the broad definition of literary paradox.
Aphorism - is a concise, terse, laconic, or memorable expression of a general truth or principle.
A subjective opinion - is a person's opinion, feelings, beliefs, and Hobbies about the world around them.
An objective opinion - is an independent opinion, the opposite of a subjective opinion, outside the interests of a person.
ABBREVIATIONS
Cf Short for the Latin: confer/conferatur, both meaning "compare".
H-bomb Hydrogen bomb
V-shirt Shirt with a V-shaped cut"
Etc etcetera = and so on
SMS Short message service
V-Day Victory day
FE Fault evaluator
MD Medicine doctor
SLS Sodium lauryl sulfate
NHS National Health System
GMC General Medical Council
Pic Picture
Fig Figure
Tab Table
Sch Scheme
i.e. that is
INTRODUCTION
The relevance of the research: There are a lot of works written in the direction of paradox in this era. However, this can not show that these works are written fully effective or fully complying with the requirements of the paradox. Therefore, the paradox still requires research in the literature and the problem of exchange of ideas of modern readers, young researchers in the field of style. How competently plans by supporting different languages in the development of languages, in the development policy of each citizen. In order for readers to enjoy the reader's mood, it is important to create events using the paradox course and invent events. So, reading the works of English writers, I decided to make in his scientific work research records of Bernard Shaw, adhering to the direction of paradox. And how much meets the requirements of writing the paradox-orientation of Bernard Shaw, and to determine the features of the skillful writing of the content of his works in the shadow of his real life, to contribute to the addition to the works of Bernard Shaw, including the study of the logical development of the stated works about the autobiography of world literature in their native language. This work is devoted to the identification of Bernard Shaw's paintings in his works, the study of the original style of the author's writing and the disclosure of its features. Shaw’s life and work are depicted in many books and articles. Among them, the most popular are A.S. Romm, Boyadzhiev and others. But there are some aspects in his work and style, especially one of them - the problem of paradox. We interested in Bernard Shaw’s plays, because he is not only one of the great playwrights of the world, but also a man who has had a huge impact on the development of human consciousness for two generations. In this regard, we chose the work "The Doctor’s Dilemma" as a study of the play of the Show, because some reasons and thoughts meet the requirements of modern life. It's a play about a doctor's life. In the course of the study, we find out that this is closely related to the real social problems of a particular person's life.
The level of exploration: to research "The Doctor's Dilemma" is a paradoxical genre of the Show devoted to the work of English and American authors: O. Wilde, A. S. Romm, Boyazhiev.
The goal of the research: to analyze the creative method of Bernard Shaw, the “skillful use of the force of paradox in his works, the analysis of the biography of the writer, the definition of the concept of paradox, the definition of its typology on the basis of creativity”[1], as well as others the solution of such problems as a detailed acquaintance with the paradoxes of the Show, will help to understand the depth of creativity and paradoxical thinking of the great English playwright.
Objectives:
- to define the notion of “Paradox”;
- to disclose the problem above, this study is intended to find out the dilemma faced by the main character, Dr. Ridgeon in Bernard Shaw's plays ‘The Doctor's Dilemma’
The object of the research: Paradox as a literary phenomenan
The subject of the research: to acknowledged master of the paradoxes of Shaw which said '' the paradox is the only truth''
The hypothesis of the research: it lies that in the artistic paradoxically marked text paradox is the cause of the hermeneutic situation. Paradox serves as an activator of reflection and serves as a means of constructing meanings. The work in Bernard Shaw's paradox plays a very important role in both consumption and content.
The methods of the research:
1) determined by the nature of the goals and objectives. The paper uses a set of methods and techniques aimed at the integrated nature of the study of the language paradox. In addition to general scientific methods, such as description and analysis, the method of complex analysis of explicit and implicit structures is used, on the basis of which the models of paradoxes are determined;
2) are widely used in oral and written work;
3) thus we largely underlie the poetics of proverbs and a member of literary genres.
The novelty of the research: to find out the concept of paradoxicality, also to get acquainted with the paradoxes in the Shaw’s work.
Theoretical “significance of the research: is due to the” [2, c. 57] analysis of the paradox "The doctor's Dilemma". Soviet scientists have made a significant contribution to the creation of a holistic view of the personality and work of the Shaw, exploring its socio-philosophical, moral and aesthetic views. We have identified and systematized the features of the dramatic method of the Show in the works of S. Balashov, Z. T. Grazhdanskaya, A. S. Romm, etc. highlights the creativity of the Shaw and its worldview. Anikst A. A., A. A. Karyagin, B. O. Kostelanetz, A. G. Obraztsova, V. E. Halisi, G. N. Khrapovitskaya, A. A. Chameau etc. explored the paradox of experimentation Shaw, relating his works to "the Doctor’s Dilemma." A. S. Romm in his article "the question of dramatic method by George Bernard Shaw" identifies the genre of the play, Shaw how the "drama of thought»
“Practical significance of the research: the results can be used” in lectures on English literature of the late XIX - early XX century, on the history of English and foreign literature; in special courses devoted to the study of the poetics of dramatic genres and the Shaw’s creativity. The findings and some provisions are of interest to literary critics, as well as who interested in the Shaw’s work.
The main provisions are to be defended:
1. in the XX century, the literary paradox gained special significance;
2. literary biography combines historical, literary and anthropological genres;
3. the Paradox Genre alternately takes on religious,apologetic, didactic, and psychotherapeutic functions and is a multifunctional sateriological genre.
4. the paradoxical system synthesizes various related qualities, combines and transforms various biographical forms, uses poetological techniques of all literary directions, takes on novel functions, turning into a meta-genre by the end of the XX century.
Work approbation. Testing of the results of the study was carried out during the discussion of the dissertation at the Department of Foreign Languages “West Kazakhstan State University named after M. Utemissov” (2018-2020). On the topic of work are published : electronic training manual, three articles in which the theoretical principles and results of scientific work are reflected.
The structure of dissertation research.
The goals and objectives of the research determined the structure of the dissertation. The content of the work is set out on 80 pages and consists of introduction, three main chapters that reveal the theoretical and practical components of this work, a conclusion, a list of used literature and appendix.
In the introduction, the author has described in sufficient detail and problem all the relevance and complexity of the problem posed, the historiographic heritage on the issue under study is analyzed, the goals and objectives of the study are determined.
The structure of the work is determined by the main problem blocks, the first chapter of the work is devoted to theoretical studies of the definition of the term" paradox"; the history of its formation, the disclosure of this image in works, the study of the characteristic style of writing and the disclosure of its features.
In the second chapter, we analyzed the concept of paradox, comparing the stylistic features reflected in the works of Shaw and Wilde, their role in revealing the content of the work and similarities and differences with other authors of their century.
In the third chapter, a production was conducted with a practical analysis of Shaw's play The Doctor's Dilemma, in order to determine how to effectively use the features of the paradox for University students.
In conclusion, the results of the study are summarized, conclusions are drawn, and directions for further research are outlined.
The bibliography, consisting of 102 sources, is completing the work.
1 The concept of paradox in the field of English literature
1.1 The concept of paradox
“An artistic text, being a work of literature, is one of the means of cognition of the surrounding world by a person and is aimed at the formation of a human personality. One of the most striking means of updating the reader’s attention on important aspects of the artistic context is a paradoxical contradiction. The concept of “paradox” [3, c. 43] arose in ancient Greek philosophy to characterize a new original opinion. Paradox as a stylistic device goes back to ancient rhetoric, and in modern science is ambiguously interpreted from the standpoint of logic, philosophy and linguistics. "Common sense asserts that all things have a well-defined meaning; but the essence of the paradox is the assertion of two meanings at the same time,” - rightly notes the Frenchphilosopher Gilles Deleuze in his book “the Logic of meaning” [3 , 43 с].
From the Great Soviet Encyclopedia it follows that the paradox (from Greek. Paradoxos – unexpected, strange) - unexpected, unusual judgment, sharply at odds with the generally accepted, traditional opinion on this issue. In this sense, the epithet "paradoxical", i.e. non-standard, deviating from the most common tradition, is opposed to the epithet "Orthodox", understood as a synonym for the word "verified", i.e. generally accepted, literally following the prevailing tradition.
“The term "paradox "itself is of Greek origin, where para is" wrong," doxa is "opinion" from dokein – "to think, to believe" [3, c. 43]. In the ancient Greek philosophy of the Stoics, the term denoted a strange, original opinion that contradicts common sense. The researchers used it to identify the originality of the views. The paradox responded to the desire for clarity, almost mathematical accuracy and conciseness in the presentation of the General provisions of philosophy, ethics, morality” [4, c. 80].
Cicero wrote the philosophical work "Paradoxes". Since then, paradoxes are not uncommon in literature, especially in humorous, satirical and sharply polemical” [5].
Among the writers famous for their paradoxes were F. La Rochefoucauld, J. L. Labruyer, J. J. Rousseau, L. S. Mercier, P. J. Proudhon, G. Heine, T. Carlyle, A. Schopenhauer, A. France, especially M. Nordau, O. Wilde, b. Shaw.
Any paradox looks like a denial of some opinion that seems " absolutely correct "(regardless of how true “ this impression is). Since it is much easier to perceive the originality of a statement than to make sure that it is true or false, paradoxical statements are often perceived as evidence of the independence and originality of the opinions they express, especially if they also have an apparently effective, clear, aphoristic form” [5].
“Such a reputation may be well deserved-paradoxical form have, for” [5] example, suchphilosophical and ethical generalizations as"[5] Your views are hateful to me, but all my life I will fight for your right to defend them" (Voltaire) or "[6] People are cruel, but people are good" " (R. Tagore). but regardless of the depth and truth of a particular statement, its paradoxical nature, especially if it is an oral statement, attracts attention; therefore, the surprise of conclusions, their discrepancy to the "natural" [6] "course of thought is (along with the General logical sequence of presentation and beauty of style) one of the essential attributes of oratory. Often there is a reverse reaction; a phenomenon (or statement) " [6] "that contradicts, at least outwardly, "common sense" is characterized as a paradox, indicating in some sense the "inconsistency" of the corresponding phenomenon (or statement). " [6]. "Such, for example, is the "actor's paradox" noted for the first time by D. Diderot: an actor can cause the audience a complete illusion of the feelings he invents, without experiencing anything himself. The "reverse side" [6] of the same paradox is played by "O. Wilde: one of his heroines can not play the role of Juliet precisely because she fell in love herself. " [6].
Both of these tendencies in the treatment of paradox manifest themselves in the effect of witty and unexpected endings of anecdotes, and, more generally, may underlie the comic as an aestheticcategory. "If, for example, T. Jefferson's statement "War is the same punishment for the Victor as for the vanquished" [6] is perceived by the modern reader as quite serious (and its "paradoxical" consists only in the fact that it draws people's attention to what they often calmly pass by), then Frank parodies usually sound numerous statements of "J. P. B. Shaw: "Do not do to another as you want him to do to you: you may have different tastes" and O. Wilde: "[6]"do not put off until tomorrow what you can do the day after tomorrow" [4, c. 81-82].
"There is a distinction between the reception of paradox and logical paradox, which is quite true. A logical paradox that appears under certain conditions in the process of proof is defined as "a reasoning that proves both the truth and falsity of a certain sentence"[5], where the reasoning is a series of thoughts on a topic, stated coherently, consistently, and reasonably. In the process of proof, the conditions may be such that the statement will be true and incorrect at the same time. A formal logical contradiction that occurs under suchconditions in the process of logical thinking is called a "paradox" [5] in logic. " Paradox as a certain verbal composition, "strange, unexpected opinion, judgment, conclusion, statement, sharply diverging from the conventional, traditional" and as a figure of speechcarries a large charge of stylistic information, is used in various functional styles, is one of the effective means of influence on the reader" [6].
" The paradox tends to sublimate forms of linguisticcomedy. Like an aphorism, a paradox in which a transposition of features is carried out, and a feature is hypertrophied to such an extent that the entire utterance becomes the antithesis of a generally accepted judgment, can function independently, out of context. however, not all paradoxes inherent in the aphoristic nature, as not all" [5] quotes are the paradox" [6]. "The paradox has a special semantic-syntactic organization: in the first part of the statement the domain of object relations is defined, in the second-the habitual harmony of these object relations is destroyed. however, in General, the increase in predictability in the paradox is more complex because of the special relationshipbetween the context of the utterance and the background knowledge" [3].
"Highlighting the invariant features of the paradox as a certain verbal composition helps to understand its nature. An invariant is defined as "the General unchanging side of the variants themselves" [5]. When using techniques in the text, some of the characteristic features of the paradox may not appear to the same extent.
"One of the basic characteristics of the paradox is the presence of alogism in it. In paradoxes, the logical law of contradiction is violated, which States that " two opposite thoughts about the same subject, taken at the same time and in the same relation, cannot be true at once together." [5] Violation of this law creates a logical contradiction. "I pay for everything – and yet in unpaid... "(V. Vishnevsky.). In this example, two opposite statements are directly related to each other. A violation of the principle of truth is a paradox that expresses a thought that is at first glance absurd, but, as it turns out" [6], to a certain extent fair. The paradox can be built on an incorrect syllogism, where the conclusion does not follow from the premises" [4]. "Old-timers especially remember the tsunami of 1929, after which none of them survived." " (A. Knyshev.). by using the paradox, the concept of reason is discredited" [5].
"An invariant feature of a paradox can also be considered the presence of a contradiction in it, although not every contradiction creates a paradox" [7, c. 96-100].
"In the paradox, there is a contradiction that exists between the generally accepted opinion on a particular issue and the unusual, new, unexpected, which the author expresses, on the one hand; between the two parts of the statement: between what is stated in the first and second of it part - with another" [7, c. 96-100]: "Disinterested man! Defends someone else's thesis" [7]. (E. Krotki.)
"Consideration of paradoxes often generates an idealistic interpretation of this phenomenon. Paradoxes are used as proof of the inability of the human mind to comprehend the truth" [7], are considered as mental dead ends from which it is impossible to find a way out. Contradictions in thought activity "are allowed as a certain limit, a boundary beyond which thinking is not able to cross and which testifies to its weakness and impotence" [7, c. 96-100].
"The proof of the infidelity of idealistic explanations of the nature of the paradox is contained in its dialectical character. The paradox either reflects actual contradictions, or the author deliberately combines contradictory concepts, emphasizing the incompatibility of these concepts, in order to achieve any effect. With catches the contradiction, realizes it, making the concept "Shine" [8, c. 65-66] through the contradiction.
"The paradox is not a sign of the weakness of thinking, on the contrary, it" [7, c. 96-100] emphasizes its strength. "One of the permanent characteristics of the paradox is the simultaneous realization of the relations of contrast and identity" [7, c. 96-100]. "I'll give you a piece of advice: don't listen to anyone's advice."(V. Vishnevsky.). "Paradoxes are characterized by the value of generality. Generality as a feature of paradoxes contributes to the fact that so me of them, first appearing in speech, passes into language" [7, c. 96-100]. "Always busy and never doing anything."( M. Zoshchenko.).
"The most important invariant characteristic of the paradox is the presence in it of an unexpected, unusual interpretation of the known and familiar" [7, c. 96-100]. "Who should wash first in the bath: clean or dirty?"(E. Petrosyan.).
"Invariant features of the paradox: 1) alogism, 2) simultaneous realization of the relations of contrast and identity, 3) generality, 4) surprise in the interpretation of the known and familiar - are the basis for determining the stylistic reception of the paradox" [7]. "This is such an illogical connection of two parts of one statement, components of a phraseological unit or several statements, in whichcontradictory concepts are combined, generally accepted opinions and cliches are refuted" [8, c. 65-66].
"The paradox of speech genres of satire and humor is defined as a way of organizing a text based on verbal or situational misunderstandings or coincidences" [7]. Many researchers ( M. N. Elenevskaya, K. S. Shashkova, V. V. Ovsyannikov, etc.) seek to determine the linguistic nature of paradoxicity, linking it with the oppositional relations of lexical and syntactic units, with the subjective modality of "strangeness" [7], using the effect of "deceived expectations" [7] and other stylistic techniques.
"One of the methods of paradox is an unexpected plot move, any turn that occurred contrary to the expectation and assumption of the perceiver. This violation of the linear sequence of the plot produces the effect of "deceived expectations" [7], there is a shift in the narrative. Speech genres of satire and humor are more or less characterized by the effect of surprise.