Файл: Технологический университет.docx

If we look at the map of the USA we can see lowlands and mountains. The Cordillera and the Rocky mountains are well known mountains of the North American continent. America’s largest rivers are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Rio Grande and the Columbia. As the USA is the large country, the climate is different in different regions. The Pacific coast is a region of mild winters and warm, dry summers. The region around the Great Lakes has changeable weather.

The USA is a highly developed industrial country. Among the most important manufacturing industries are: armament, aircraft, cars, textiles, radio and television sets, and furniture. When travelling round the USA we can visit the largest and the most beautiful cities: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, and others.

The USA is a federal republic, consisting of fifty states. Each of these states has its own government. The seat of the central government is Washington, District of Columbia. According to the US constitution the powers of the government are divided into three branches: the executive, the legislative and the judicial. The Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The President is the head of the State and the government. He is elected for four years. There are two main political parties in the USA: the Republican and the Democratic.
(Бонди Е.А., Гаврилюк И.С., Зайцева Г.А., Чеснокова В.И. Английский язык для студентов вечернего отделения гуманитарных факультетов)
Пояснения к тексту:

manufacturing – промышленный

executive – исполнительная

legislative – законодательная

judicial – судебная

the powers – полномочия

Washington D.C. – г. Вашингтон, округ Колумбия
V. Прочитайте первый абзац текста и вопрос к нему; из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащий правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:
Where is the USA situated?

The USA is situated in the western part of the North American continent.

The USA is situated in the central part of the North American continent.

The USA is situated in the southern part of the North American continent.

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ВАРИАНТ 4

I. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол- сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций (см. образец выполнения 1).
a)

1. He has been in London many times.

2. When you telephoned, I was having dinner.

3 The professor had left by the time we arrived.
б)

1. The goods will be delivered in the morning.

2. We are asked to come early.

3. He was given a very good advice.
II. Перепишите следующие упражнения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 2).
Having much time we decided to walk to the station.

Dried and sorted the goods were delivered to the shop.

The books published for children are well illustrated.

I gave the letter to the woman standing at the window.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. He can't play tennis very well now, but he could play tennis well when he was younger.

2.I am not sure but Tom may come to see us tomorrow.

3. You must have a passport to visit most foreign countries.

4. I can't meet you on Friday, I have to work.

5. This film is great, you should go and see it.
IV. Прочитайте и письменно переведите 1,3 и 4-й абзацы текста.

BRITAIN'S ECONOMY

1. Britain's economy is based primarily on private enterprise, which accounts for 75 per cent of output and nearly 70 per cent of employment. Just over 2 per cent of the British workforce is engaged in agriculture, a lower proportion than in any other leading industrialized country. Services contribute a growing proportion of production, 65 per cent, while manufacturing accounts for 21 per cent.

2. The Government's economic strategy is centered on keeping the rate of inflation down, within a range of 1 to 4 per cent. As part of this strategy, public spending and borrowing are tightly controlled. At the same time government policy seeks to improve the working of markets and

promote enterprise and efficiency.

3. In some sectors of the economy, a small number of large companies are responsible for a sizable percentage of total production, notably in the vehicle, aerospace and transport equipment industries. Private business concerns account for the greater part of activity in agriculture, manufacturing, constructions, distribution, and financial and miscellaneous service sectors. Banks are the chief source of external finance.

4. Around 250 British industrial companies each have an annual turnover of more than 500 million. British Petroleum is the eleventh largest industrial grouping in the world and the second largest in Europe. Five British firms are among the 25 leading European Community companies.

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5. The average manufacturing company is fairly small. Four-fifths employ fewer than 20 people. These make up 10 per cent of the manufacturing workforce. Business employing

more than 1,000 people, 0.4 per cent of all business, account for 55 per cent of employees.
(Бонди Е.А., Гаврилюк И.С., Зайцева Г.А., Чеснокова В.И. Английский язык для студентов вечернего отделения гуманитарных факультетов)
Пояснения к тексту:

keeping the rate of inflation down - сохранение низкого уровня инфляции

sizable percentage - значительный процент
V. Прочитайте 2-ой абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:
What is tightly controlled by the government ?
1. The economic strategy is tightly controlled by the government.

2. The working of the market is tightly controlled by the government.

3. Public spending and borrowing arc tightly controlled by the government.

BAPИAHT 5

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе 6) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций (см. образец выполнения I).
a)

1. Last year the economy of the country was immensely successful.

2. The United States produced about 25 per cent of the world's output.

3. Other nations have experienced higher rates of growth in recent years.

6)

1 In this article the country s economy was described as a mixed economy.

2. The majority of productive resources were privately owned.

3. Americans have often been described as pragmatists.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них те. укажите, является ли оно определением, или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. Successfully transformed the economy will develop rapidly.

2. Having discussed the problem they went back to work again.

3. The expansion of the government's role was written about in the article.

4. The economy based on free enterprise is characterized by private ownership and initiative.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите.
1. An economy based on the principle of free enterprise must be established and maintained.

2. An environment with opportunities for economic growth and progress can be created by a government.

3. Government intervention may be necessary from time to time.

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4. You will have to be at the airport at three o'clock.

5. The lecture on economics is to begin at twelve.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 абзацы текста.

THE ECONOMY OF THE USA

1. The American economy is a dynamic, free-market system that is constantly evolving out the choices and decisions made by millions of citizens who play multiple, often overleaping roles as consumers, producers, investors and voters. The United States is generally described as a mixed economy. It means that even though the great majority of productive resources are privately owned, the federal government does play an important part in the marketplace.

2. By any standard, the American economy that has evolved over less than 250 years has been immensely successful. With less than 5 percent of the world's population, the United States in the early 1990s produced about 25 per cent of the world's output. The US economy is more than twice as large as the largest economy, that of Japan. By conventional measures, US productivity and standard of living remain among the highest in the industrial word - although other nations have experienced higher rates in recent decades.

3. Americans have often been described as pragmatists. Clear evidence of the American people's pragmatism is demonstrated by their actions: to establish and maintain an economy soundly based on the principles of free enterprise. At the same time, American government helps to create the widest possible oportunities for people, economic growth and progress.
(Бонди Е.А., Гаврилюк И.С., Зайцева Г.А., Чеснокова В.И. Английский язык для студентов вечернего отделения гуманитарных факультетов)
Пояснения к тексту:

to evolve – развиваться

conventional measures - общепринятые мерки
V. Прочитайте 3-й абзац и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащий правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:
By what actions of the American people is their pragmatism demonstrated ?
1. The American people's pragmatism is demonstrated by their actions to establish and maintain an economy, based on the principles of planned economy.

2. The American people's pragmatism is demonstrated by their actions to establish and maintain an economy, based on the principles of free enterprise.

3. The American people's pragmatism is demonstrated by their actions to establish and maintain an economy, based on the principles of state controlled market economy.

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Контрольная работа № 3

Вариант 1 для направления подготовки 38.03.04 Государственное и муниципальное управление

1. 
   Прочитайте и устно переведите текст на русский язык.
   

THE ORIGINS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT — AND THE FEDERAL SYSTEM
Local government in New York has evolved over centuries of experience that Empire State residents have had in dealing with the land and its resources. The governmental forms created by the people reflect functional concerns, a fear of concentrated governmental power and a sustained dedication to basic ideas of representative government.

Although we often speak of three “levels” of government, the United States Constitution mentions only two: the federal government and the state governments. The federal system, however, implicitly includes the idea that the states, in the exercise of powers reserved to them by the United States Constitution, would provide for local governments in ways that would take into account local diversities and needs. To the extent that the states have made such provisions in the form of state constitutional grants of home-rule power to the local units, such as in New York, local governments have become, in fact as well as in theory, a third level of the federal system.

“Before the first Roman soldier stepped on the shore of England…” are the words which open a “History of the County Law” in the 1950 edition of McKinney’s County Law of the State of New York. The origins of local government in New York State may be traced to that moment in ancient history. A historian of county government will find, for example, that the familiar office of sheriff existed in England over one thousand years ago — as did the reeve (tax collector) of the shire or “shire-reeve.”

Of course, long before the early European settlers began to plan their particular forms of governmental organization in New York State, the Iroquois Confederacy existed as a relatively sophisticated system of government. The Iroquois Confederacy included extensive intergovernmental cooperation and operated effectively from the mouth of the Mohawk River to the Genesee River. The Iroquois had found it advantageous to substitute intertribal warfare and strife for a cooperative arrangement in which each of the six tribes carried out assigned functions and duties on behalf of all. The federal arrangement in the United States Constitution was patterned after the Iroquois Confederacy. The familiar patterns of local government in New York today, however, stem largely from the colonial period.
(New York State. Department of State. URL: https://www.dos.ny.gov/)

2. 
   Письменно переведите 3 и 4 абзац.
   
3. 
   Найдите абзац, где выражается основная идея текста.
   

Вариант 2 для направления подготовки 38.03.04 Государственное и муниципальное управление

1. 
   Прочитайте и устно переведите текст на русский язык.
   

COLONIAL GOVERNMENT IN NEW YORK
Established by the Dutch, the first local governments in New York began as little more than adjuncts to a furtrading enterprise. Under a charter from the government of the Netherlands, the Dutch West India Company ruled the colony of New Netherland from 1609 until the British seized it in 1664. At first the Dutch concentrated almost wholly on commerce and trade, particularly the fur trade. As early as 1614 and 1615, they established trading posts at Fort Nassau, near the present Albany, and on Manhattan Island. Serious efforts to colonize began in 1624, when New Netherland became a province of the Dutch Republic. Beginning in 1629 the Dutch established feudal manors, called “patroonships,” to expedite the effort of permanent settlement. That system bestowed vast land grants upon individual “patroons,” who were expected to populate their holdings with settlers who would cultivate the lands on their behalf. The Dutch rulers of New Netherland initially did not draw a sharp line between their overall colonial or provincial government and that of their major settlement, which was called New Amsterdam. It was not until 1646 that the Dutch West India Company granted what appears to have been certain municipal privileges to the “Village of Breuckelen” — lineal ancestor of the present day Brooklyn — located across the East River from New Amsterdam. Fort Orange, which later became the City of Albany, obtained similar municipal privileges in 1662.

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