Файл: Технологический университет.docx

Модальные глаголы

can	may	must	should	ought to
could	might	-

Структура английского предложения

Суть вопроса	Вспомогательный глагол	Подлежащее 1	Сказуемое 2	Дополнение 3	Обстоятельство 4		Ответы на общие вопросы
		I	wrote	2 letters	at home	yesterday.
	Did	you	write	2 letters	at home	yesterday ?		Yes, I did. No, I didn`t.
When	did	you	write	2 letters	at home	-
Where	did	you	write	2 letters	-	yesterday ?
What	did	you	write	-	at home	yesterday ?
What	did	you	do	-	at home	yesterday ?
		I	wrote	2 letters	at home	yesterday .
		Who	wrote	2 letters	at home	yesterday ?		I did.
		Who	writes	2 letters	at home	every day ?		I do. He does.

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Tense Forms (Active)

	Simple (Indefinite)		Perfect		Continuous (Progressive)			Perfect Continuous
Future	I shall write... Will you write..? Yes, I shall. No, I shall not (shan’t).	tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, in two weeks (months, yeas), in 2035	I shall have written… Will you have written…? Yes, I shall. No, I shall not (shan’t).	by 5 tomorrow, before you come		I shall be writing… Will you be writing…? Yes, I shall. No, I shall not (shan’t).	at 5 tomorrow, from 5 till 7 tomorrow, when you come		I shall have been writing… Will you have been writing…? Yes, I shall. No, I shall not (shan’t).	for
	I, II; shall/will+I		to have + III		to be+ IV			to have been+ IV
Present	I write… Do you write…? Yes, I do. No, I don’t. He writes… Does he write…? Yes, he does. No, he does not (doesn’t).	usually, often, always, sometimes, seldom, never, every day (week, month, year)	I have written… Have you written…? Yes, I have. No, I have not (haven’t).	-[result]; already, just, yet, never, ever, not yet, today, this week (month, year); lately, before, since, for		I am writing… Are you writing...? Yes, I am. No, I am not.	now		I have been writing… Have you been writing…? Yes, I have. No I have not (haven’t).	Since, for; these two days
Past	I wrote… Did you write…? Yes, I did. No, I did not (didn’t).	yesterday, the other day, the day before yesterday, last week (month, year), 2 days (weeks, years) ago, in 1917	I had written… Had you written…? Yes, I had. No, I had not (hadn’t).	by 5 yesterday, before you came		I was writing… Were you writing..? Yes, I was. No, I was not (wasn’t).	at 5 yesterday, from 5 till 7 yesterday, when you came		I had been writing… Had you been writing…? Yes, I had. No, I had hot (hadn’t).	Since, for

Tense Forms (The Passive Voice)

	Simple (Indefinite)		Perfect			Continuous (Progressive)			Perfect Continuous
Future	This letter will be written... Will thi letter be written..? Yes, it will. No, it will not. (won’t).	tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, in two weeks (months, yeas), in 2025	This letter will have been written… Will this letter have been written…? Yes, it will. No, it will not (won’t).	by 5 tomorrow, before you come	-			-
	to be + III		to be + III			to be+ III
Present	Such a letter is written… Is such a letter written…? Yes, it is. No, it is not (isn’t).	usually, often, always, sometimes, seldom, never, every day (week, month, year)	This letter has been written… Has this letter been written…? Yes, it has. No, it has not (hasn’t).	[result]; already, just, yet, never, ever, not yet, today, this week (month, year), lately, before, since, for	Such a letter is being written… Is such a letter being written? Yes, it is. No, it is not (isn’t).		now	-
Past	This letter was written Was this letter written…? Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t	Yesterday, the day before yesterday; last week(month,year) two days (weeks, months, years) ago, in 1985	This letter had been written Had this letter been written…? Yes, it had. No, it hadn’t.	by 5 yesterday; before you came	This letter was being written Was this letter being written…? Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t.		at 5 yesterday; when you came	-

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The Modal Verbs

MODALS	USAGE	Examples
can/could	to describe ability	My friend can dance well. I can explain this rule to you.
may/might	to describe permission	You may take my book.
must	to describe a necessary action	You must keep this door locked.
	to give someone an order	You must be careful when you drive.
	to describe a duty	Everyone must recycle as much as possible.
	to make a strong recommendation	You really must go and see that.
	to emphasize an intention	I must lend you this book.
	for formal questions	Must you go?
should	to make a recommendation when we say what we think is a good idea	You should come to work by metro. It would be much quicker.
ought to	to say what we think is correct thing to do	I think you ought to go to the doctor. You look not so good.
need	to describe a necessary action	You need to be more attentive.
can’t have +III couldn’t have + III	when we are certain that sth in the past was possible; when we are sure sth wasn’t true	She can’t / couldn’t have taken the car. She didn’t have the keys. That can’t have been successful (I’m sure it wasn’t).
may have + III	for possible events in the past	He isn’t here. He may/might have been late.
must have + III	when we are certain sth in the past was true	I cannot find my purse. I must have left it at home.

MODALS	USAGE	Examples
should have + III	when we describe what we expect has probably happened, or believe has failed to happen	They should have arrived in Moscow by now.
ought to have + III		The train ought to have arrived. Where is it? (It hasn’t arrived.)
needn’t have + III	to describe a past situation where sth happened or was done, but wasn’t necessary	I needn’t have gone to the office. The meeting was postponed.

The Equivalents of the Modals

Modals-	Equivalents	Usage	Examples
can/could	To be able to	to emphasize that a difficulty has been overcome	She can’t come to the party, but she is able to get in touch by Skype.
		to make the description of ability more definite	He’ll be able to finish his course paper next week.
may/might	To be allowed to	to describe permission	You are to stay in bed until you are allowed to get up.
must	to be to	a formal way of saying must in instruction	All the students are to be at the exam at 9.
	to have to	for a necessary action	We have to go faster. It’s going to rain.

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Participle I

	Active	Passive
Indefinite	writing	being written
Perfect	having written	having been written

The Syntactic Functions of Participle I

	Subject	Predicate	Object	Adverbial Modifier
0	1	2	3	4
Opening the door	he	went out.
	The students	are writing	a test	at the moment.
	The boy	was silent		looking seriously.

A reading girl - attribute

The girl reading a book…- attribute
The Objective Participial Construction

Subject	Predicate	Object
1	2	3
I	see	them (her,him) working on the computer.

The Subjective Participial Construction

Subject	Predicate
1	2
He	is seen coming.

Participle II

The Syntactic Functions of Participle II

The locked door - attribute

The method used by the scientists…- attribute

	Subject	Predicate	Object	Adverbial Modifier
0	1	2	3	4
When asked	he	gave	the right answer.
	The door	was locked	by the owner of the house.
	He	shook	his head	as though ashamed.

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