Файл: Английский Косова.doc

The Brain of the Computer.

Active and Passive Voice.

14-16

*Task I. Pay your attention to the pronunciation of the following nouns and verbs:

input – to input display – to display

record – to record access - to access

computer – computation affect – to effect

processing – to process

**Task II. Give the Ukrainian equivalents of the given word-combinations:

Вбудовані інструкції, математичне обчислення, збірка інструкцій, програмне забезпечення, використовувати клавіатуру для вводу, додати пропущені дані, ввімкнути (вимкнути) , заповнити пам’ять, виправити неправильне написання, зберігати дані ззовні, внутрішнє збереження, довільний доступ.

*Task III. Learn the new vocabulary:

interpret- пояснювати

remarkable – значний

tiny – крихітний

mainframe – центральний процесор

wafer –пластина

board –плата

plug –вставляти

earth’s crust – земна кора

entire – цілий

integrated – об’єднаний

**The processor

The processor, also called the CPU or central processing unit, is the brain of your computer. In PCs, it is built into a single chip - a small piece of silicon with a complex electrical circuit, called an integrated circuit - that executes instructions and coordinates the activities of all the other units.

Three typical parts are:

• the control unit, which examines instructions from memory and executes them;

• the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations;

• the registers, high-speed units of memory used to store and control data.

The speed of a processor is measured in gigahertz (GHz). Thus, a CPU running at 4 GHz can make about four thousand million calculations a second. An internal clock sends out signals at fixed intervals to measure and synchronize the flow of data.

The main circuit board is known as the motherboard. This contains the CPU, the memory chips, expansion slots and controllers for peripherals, connected by internal buses, or paths, that carry electronic signals. For example, the front side bus carries all data that passes from the CPU to other devices.

Expansion slots allow you to install expansion cards which provide extra functions, e.g. a video card or a modem. Laptops have PC cards, the size of a credit card, which add features like sound, memory and network capabilities.

*Task IV. Read the following word-combinations and translate them into Ukrainian:

To get information into computer, to process information, central processing unit, to interpret and follow the instructions, a remarkable speed, to require a little space, to be located in a separate unit, a thin wafer, to plug in the board of computer, made of silicon, integrated circuit, to perform all processing, the earth crust, interconnected electrical circuits

*Task V. Read and translate the text

The "brain" of the computer

You have seen that there are quite a few ways to get information into the computer. Once the information is there what does the computer do with it? You already know the answer: The computer process it. But how?

Instructions from the keyboard and from other forms of input - such as a program - go to the central processing unit, or CPU. The CPU interprets and follows instructions, and sends the results of its work to the user, to the computer's memory, or to both.

Chips, circuits and memory

Since the CPU is so important, and its speed is so remarkable, you might picture it as being very large. In fact, it can be tiny. The CPU in a microcom­puter may be no larger than a thumbnail! And since it requires so little space, it is often included in the same case as the keyboard. In a mainframe or microcomputer, the CPU is located in a separate unit, It is this unit that people in a data-processing department are talking about when they refer to "the computer".

Chips and Circuits

A chip is a thin wafer, about a quarter of an inch square, that plugs into a board in the computer. Most chips are made of silicon, which is a common, non-metallic element found in the earth's crust, most often in sand. Because of this, they are frequently called silicon chips.

A single silicon chip can be the entire central processing unit of a micro­computer. When it is, the CPU is called a microprocessor. Even if several chips perform all the processing, the word microprocessor is often used to refer to the CPU.

Each chip has an integrated circuit. An electrical circuit, as you may know, is a path through which electricity flows. An integrated circuit consists of thousands upon thousands of tiny, interconnected electrical circuits.

You may wonder how all those circuits get on a wafer not much bigger than the head of a thumbtack. The answer is contained in a big word: miniaturization.

**Task VI. Give the Ukrainian equivalents to the following word-combinations:

Тонка пластина, центральний процесор, значна швидкість, потребувати мало місця, перекладати та слідувати інструкціям, виготовлений із кремнію, земна кора, вбудована мікросхема, виконувати обробку, комп’ютерна плата, взаємопов’язані електричні мікросхеми

**Task VI. Answer the questions on the text:

1. In what way does computer process information?

2. What do people usually refer to “computer”?

3. Is CPU large in size? Where is it usually located in mainframe or microcomputer?

4. What does chip plug into? What does it usually plug into?

5. Why is CPU often called a microprocessor?

6. What does integrated circuit consist of?

**Task VII. Give the full forms of the given below abbreviations:

PC, RAM, IBM, ROM, CPU, UA, EU, GB, VIP

***Task VIII. Translate into English:

1. Центральний процесор слідує інструкціям і направляє результати своєї роботи до користувача та до комп’ютерної пам’яті,

2. Центральний процесор знаходиться у окремому відділенні.

3. Наш відділ працює над розробкою нових комп’ютерних ігор зараз.

4. Обробка інформації виконується крихітним чіпом.

5. Пам'ять комп’ютера буде заповнена скоро.

6. Ми вже перенесли всю інформацію на флешку.

7. Вони зрозуміли, що виконають ці обчислення швидко.

8. Дані обробляються, сортуються центральним процесором.

***Task X. Speak about the generations of modern computer processors. What are the most frequently used now.

**Task I. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Verbs in the Passive Voice.

1. Heat is radiated by the sun to the earth, but the land, the sea, and the air are affected differently by this radiation. 2. The positive particle in the nucleus was given the name of the "proton". 3. We were shown a number of experiments illustrating the presence of high-energy particles in the cosmic radiation. 4. The scientists of the world are confronted with the problem of interplanetary flights. 5. The modern scientific forecasts of weather can be fully relied upon. 6. Light may be thought of as some factor that is capable of affecting the eye. 7. The neutron is completely unaffected by a magnetic field. 8. The theory which K. Tsiolkovsky arrived at was based on experimen­tal work. 9. We live at the bottom of an ocean of air, and our lives are constantly influenced by the change and movement of this gas.

**Task II. Translate the following sentences with the Predicates in the Passive Voice.

1. I invite the students to the conference, I am invited to the conference. 2. He invited the students to the conference. He was invited to the conference. 3. The researcher carries out the experiment at high temperatures.This experiment is carried out at high temperatures. 4. Scientists use crystals in electronic devices. Crystals are also used in quantum generators. 5. The scientists developed several types of lasers. The first lasers were developed in 1960.6.1 shall inform you about this new discovery. We shall be informed about this discovery. 7. Solar batteries will generate electricity. Electricity will be generated from solar energy.

**Task III. Put the verbs in brackets in the required forms of the Tense and Voice and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. The fact that atom has a nucleus in its center, which is positively charged, (to discuss) by Ernest Rutherford in 1911.2. This problem (to solve) in the near future, 3. The phenomenon of radioactivity (to use) widely in industry, medicine and agriculture, 4. He found that this effect (to cause) by some unknown subatomic particles. 5. The weights of these particles (to calculate) with the help of electronic computer. 6. U-238 (to convert) into plutonium and then (to use) to generate atomic power. 7. These substances (to refer to) usually as hydrogen isotopes. 8. One of the isotopes of hydrogen (to call) deuterium. 9. He (to puzzle) by these unexpected results. 10. It (to show) that these substances differed greatly in their chemical properties. 11. It (to expect) that the results of our research (to apply) in chemical industry.

** Task IV.Change the following sentences from Active into Passive Voice

1. My brother carries out many interesting experiments in our lab. 2. The engineer often gives the workers instructions. 3. The teacher often shows the students new devices, 4. In the assemble shop the workers assemble parts and fit them on the body of the machine. 5. My friend sends me two reference books a year. 6. In the engineering shop engineers repair engines. 7, The postman brings us newspapers and letters in the morning.

**Task V. Use the Present Indefinite Passive. Mind the place of the Preposition in the sentences. Translate the sentences:

1. We always look through the results of your experiments with great interest. 2. Students speak much of the new device which is used for measuring pressure. 3, They often refer to the facts given by you. 4. Many students attend your lectures. 5. He always looks through my reports. 6. The discussion usually follows the experiments. 7. We look upon crude oil as one of the most useful products. 8. What do we obtain petrol and paraffin from?

***Task VI. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying atten­tion to the Predicate in the Present, Past, Future Perfect Passive Voice

1. Electronics has made a rapid progress. A further progress has been made in microwave systems. 2. When the designer came we had already installed new equipment. New equipment had been installed in our shop when the designer returned to the plant. 3. By the end of this week the students will have conducted all the experiments. By 8 o'clock all the experi­ments will have been conducted. 4. T he radar has been used for automatic control of automobiles. 5. The majority of valves have already been replaced with tiny transistors. 6. By the middle of the 19th century about 60 elements had been discovered. 7. By he end of t he year a large variety of semicon­ductor devices will have been produced.

***Task VII. Put the Verbs in brackets in the required tense form and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. We believed that we (can) get seats a first-class compartment.

2. I knew that Fred usually (to travel) second-class.

3. I hoped if I (to go) by the 10 o'clock train I (not to have to) change.

He didn't know that it (to be) to start.

We knew that the 2 o'clock train (to start) already and decided to go by the next train.

6. I didn't know that it (to be) a slow train.

7. We hoped that our friend (to be able) to come to the station in time.

8. I thought I (no to be able) to get to the station in 30 minutes and I (to

have) to take a taxi.

9. I knew that we (to have) to have a snack at the station as there (to be) no buffet-car on the train.

Unit III.

Programming. Computer languages.

Computer Languages for Different Tasks.

Modal Verbs.

*Task I. Learn the new vocabulary:

a set - набір

a rule – правило

a meaning – значення

limited – обмежений

to type – друкувати

to represent – представляти

to load – завантажувати

reason – причина

to carry out – виконувати

Task II. Translate the following word-combinations into Ukrainian:

A computer language, a set of words and commands, the rules of grammar, familiar words, mostly English words, special meaning, limited vocabularies, on the keyboard, to translate into electrical impulses, to represent 0’s and 1’s, to carry out instructions, built into the computer, loaded from the disk

**Task III. Read and translate the text:

What is a computer language?

Instructing a computer is done a with computer language. A computer language is a set of words, symbols, and commands that a computer can understand. "Think of this example: If you study French you learn words and rules of grammar that another speaker of French can understand. If you study computer language, you learn words and rules of grammar called syntax rules that a computer can understand. Most French words are not familiar to you when you first see them. But many computer languages use words that are mostly English words, such as PRINT, RUN, and NEW. These words have special meanings in a computer language.

Computer languages are not spoken to the computer (except in some experimental systems with limited vocabularies). Instead, you type the computer language on the keyboard. The computer then translates what you typed into electrical impulses that represent O's and I's—the form in which the computer can understand and carry out your instructions. To translate your instructions, the computer needs a language processor that is either built into the computer itself or loaded into the computer from a disk. The language processor acts somewhat like a human interpreter who listens to someone speaking French and then tells you what the words mean in English, it does the translating.

There are many different computer languages. You may have heard of BASIC, Pascal, Logo, FORTRAN, COBOL, and others. For your computer to understand one of these languages, it needs a translator for that language. Why are there different computer languages? The reason for this is that different languages work well for different kinds of tasks.

Today's computers are becoming much easier to use and understand. To use a computer in the past, one had to learn computer languages as Fortran (Formula Translation) or COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language). The learning process was slow and difficult for many students.

Fortran is the language that is very similar to BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instructional Code). FORTRAN contains commands to do engineering problems and use mathematical formulas more easily than does BASIC. FORTRAN is available for some microcomputers.

COBOL is the language that was developed mainly for large computers. It is designed for business uses and for report writing. It makes it easy to set up very complicated reports with rows and columns and print these on the screen or a printer.

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE.

Many students who begin with BASIC learn to write assembly-language programs. Assembly language is not a high-level language. It is much closer to the machine language of the computer. In assembly language you work with building blocks to create your program. Because you can use these blocks in many ways, you can create commands that don't exist in BASIC. A program that is written in assembly language also runs much faster than a program that is written in BASIC, because it does not need to be interpreted like BASIC. Assembly language can also be used to write programs that will run on several different computers. Any computer with the same computer chip will use the same assembly language. Assembly language is very difficult to use. I Assembly language is not a structured language, so it is very difficult for someone else to understand your programs.

Task IV. Give full words of the following abbreviations:

FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC.

***Task V. Which of the above listed programming languages are most widely used and which are obsolete? Supply your report with examples/

**Task VI. Read the text again and find the explanation of the meaning of the following terms:

1. FORTRAN is the language...

2. COBOL is the language …

3. ASSEMBLY language is …

4. BASIC is...

**Task VII. Answer the questions:

1. What computer language is very similar to BASIC?

2. What tasks is FORTRAN used for?

3. What computer language is designed for business uses and report writing?

4. How does a program written in assembly language work?

5. Why is assembly language difficult to use?