Файл: Английский Косова.doc

7). Ми були незадоволені, тому що це обчислення проводилося довго.

8). Які нові прилади розроблялися нашими вченими в 80-х роках.

**Task XII. Complete the sentences to speak about computers in your life:

Computers are already bringing a revolution in …

The reason of this is in the fact a mathematical formula…

With a high speed electronic computer can …

A number of various complicated problems…

The principle of this machine lies in…

A radio-technical scheme counts a sequence of electrical impulses carrying out…

The main classes of computing equipment are…

The digital computers can perform…

The state gives…

***Task XIII. Give your ideas as to the following:

the forecast of the development of computers;

the application of computer equipment in some branches of our life;

the possibilities of modern communication.

The abbreviations. The use of Conjunction. Multifunctional words Perfect tenses. Computers in our Life.

*Task 1.The most frequent used abbreviation .

I. ABC- American Broadcasting Company NATO-North Atlantic Treaty Organization

A.C.-after Christ V.I.P. very important person

a. f.-as follows UNESCO-United Nations Educational

A.D.- Anno Domini (lat.) Scientific and Cultural Organization

a.m.-ante meridiem v.v.-vice verse

Aus.- Australia NASA-National Aeronautics and Space

B.E.-Bank of England Administration

Br.-British E-east

FBI-Federal Bureau of Investigation W-west

GA-General Assembly Ltd

BC before Christ Xmas

AA automatic answer mp melting point

PC – personal computer

II. Sub-submarine

Chute- parachute

Phone-telephone

*Task Define the full name of the following abbreviations and translate

them into Ukrainian.

Maser, d.c, Laser, yd., in., Radar, ft., hr., WC, NATO, UA, USA, UNICEF.

*Task Find the accordance to the following abbreviations and translate into Ukrainian.

1. etc.; 2. Ltd.; 3. PS; 4. Vs; 5. WC; 6. IM.S.E and W; 7. RIP; 8. Tel.

a) before a phone number; b) on a toilet door; c) at the foot of the letter; d) on a gravestone; e) after a name of a company: f) on a compass; g) at the end of an unfinished list; h) between the names of opponents or

teams.

*Task Give the full name of the following abbreviations: RAM, ROM, max, °C, °F, LB, P, log, hr.

Переклад науково-технічної літератури залежить від правильного розуміння лексико-граматичних одиниць типу

in addition to — крім того, на додаток до.

Особливість їх полягає в тому, що вони є частиною ре­чення і впливають на граматичні зв'язки. Це — сполучники і прийменники.

Лексико-граматичні одиниці можна умовно поділити на такі смислові групи:

1) сполучення і логічна послідовність ідей (and, also, apart from, besides, furthermore, in addition to, moreover, simultaneously, thus, too);

2) парафраз і накладання (as if, in the same way, in like manner, like, similarly);

3) причинність (accordingly, as, because, consequently, hence, once, since, therefore, as long as, owing to);

4) контраст і зіставлення (alternatively, although, but, if, however, nevertheless, otherwise, in spite of, on the other hand);

5) обмеження (except, impossible, occasionally, only, unless, if, when);

6) припущення (conclude, confirm, consider, reduce, imagine, suppose, in principle, it follows);

7) питання (how big?, how long?, what?, when?)

. The conjunction

1. and, but, if, that

as well, so that, in order that

not only…but also, whether…or

2.

at first, first of all, in the beginning, to begin with in addition

second, secondly moreover, furthermore

next, further, then besides, likewise, similarly

finally, lastly, at last

however, still, yet, nevertheless

on the contrary, in (by) contrast, conversely, alternately

otherwise, rather

on the one hand, on the other hand

Multifunctional words:

“It” a) personal pronoun: I started translating it at once

b) formal subject: It is well known that supply and demand are the basic concepts of economy.

c) formal object: Computers made it possible to receive all information we want.

“One”

One day, one should know, that one

“That”: that situation, they know that…, metal that melts at…

“For” : …for it seems to be interesting, for 3 minutes, for small engines, for…to

“But” : not a compound but a mixture; He is but a child .Nobody but you;

“After” : after some minutes, after they carried experiment; He invented the engine that a lot of people

used after.

“Before”: Think before talk. Before and after the transformation; Nobody used it before.

“Since” : since the electric circuit was broken; since they met…, since last year

“As” : as the most convenient one, as he wanted…

The use of Perfect Tenses

**Task V. Define the verb tenses and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1.The first computers appeared some 60 years ago. 2.A number of complicated tasks have been solved with the help of computers. 3. The principle of work of this wonderful machine lies in counting electric impulses. 4.He has developed a new theory in Physics. 5. He announced that he had developed a new theory in Physics. 5. They will have used new equipment by the end of the year. 6. The new appliances have been already assembled in our laboratory. 7. The workers were glad as the new appliances had been assembled in their lab. 8.The new appliances will have been assembled by December.9. This branch of science is quickly developing now. 10. They informed that some space systems are being guided successfully..

*Task VI. Find the matches. Use the word-combinations to make up questions.

1. Наука і техніка a) addition and subtraction

2. зовсім нова галузь науки b) digital form

3. можна вирішити c) the volume of calculations

4. виняткова важливість d) to yield results

5. об’єм обчислень e) science and technology

6. виконувати складні завдання d) a completely new branch of science

8. обчислення електричних імпульсів e) multiplication and division

9. додавання, віднімання f) computing equipment

10. множення, ділення g) exceptional possibility

11. обчислювальне обладнання h) a network of centres

12. цифрова форма i) can be solved

13. давати результати j) to carry out complex tasks

14. мережа центрів k) the calculation of electric impulses

*Task III. Make up sentences:

*8Task IV. Fill in the blanks with the necessary words:

1. The store ... a numerical quantities and data which are to be processed, (contains, concludes, consists of) 2. The arithmetic unit normally ... the operation of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division and certain other special operations, (performs, carries out, carry) 3. The input and output devices are to supply information and to ... it from the computer, (obtain, receive, get) 4. Computers are a million times ... than humans in performing computing operation, (faster, quicker, rapid) 5. The number of electronic computers used in any given field of human activity is sometimes believed to ... the degree of its modernity, (indicate, show, testify)

**Task V. Read, translate and retell the text:

From the history of computer

The educated man of 200 years ago did not need to know anything about science. The educated man of 25 — 30 years ago did not need to know anything about computers. But the educated man of today needs to have some significant knowledge of science and a little significant knowledge about computers.

The computer is no doubt the most amazing achievement of mankind. It is a date storage system created by man. A human tells the machine what to do, when to do it and how it should be done.

The word computer comes from a Latin word which means to count.

Nearly one hundred and fifty years ago there were no such things as computers. Knotted ropes, marks in clay, the abacus are all methods of keeping track of numbers.

In 1833 an English inventor and mathematician Charles Babbage, professor of Cambridge University designed the first computer. The mathematical programmer for his machine had been composed by Lord Byron's daughter.

The first programmer computer which operated successfully was built in 1939 by H. H. Aiken, professor of Harvard University.

In our country the first electronic digital computer MACM was constructed by the Ukrainian Academician S. O. Lebedev in 1950.

Such computers as BESM, Minsk, Ural, Razdan-3, M-20, M-220, Nairi-3, Strela, Dnieper were created in our country.

Nowadays computers greatly increase man's thinking capabilities of planning, analyzing, computing and controlling. Hundreds of computers are already in daily use. They penetrate almost into all spheres of our modern society, from nuclear energy production and missile design to the processing of bank checks, weather forecasting, manufacturing, research and medical diagnoses.

There are three kinds of computers: digital, analogue and hybrid. An analogue computer computes by using physical analogue of numerical measurements. A digital computer computes by using numbers or digits. A hybrid computer is a machine which combines some of the properties of digital and analogue computers.

Invention of electronic computers is one of the greatest achievements of mankind. The significance of it can be compared with the invention of the steam-engine and the utilization of atomic energy.

**Task VII. Translate into English:

1. Електроніка є основою сучасної автоматики. 2. ЕОМ використовуються в промисловості, медицині, науково-дослідній роботі, банках і під час прогнозування погоди. 3. Августа Ада Байрон — дочка славнозвісного поета. Вона зробила математичне забезпечення для першого комп'ютера. У шістнадцятирічному віці вона мала глибокі знання з математики. 4. ЕОМ відкриває великі перспективи для людської творчості, про які могли говорити хіба що фантасти. 5. Цифрова обчислювальна машина за один день може виконати такий обсяг роботи, з яким команда обчислювачів не впорається й за рік.

Living with computers

Computers: friend ...

People who have grown up with PCs and microchips are often called the digital generation. This is how some people answered when questioned about the use of computers in their lives.

... or toe?

• Our society has developed technological dependence. When computers are down, our way of life breaks down: planes stop flying, telephones don't work, banks have to close.

• Computers produce electronic waste, plastic cases and microchips that are not biodegradable and have to be recycled or just thrown away.

• They are responsible for health problems, e.g. computer addiction, an inappropriate and excessive use of computers.

• Cybercrime, crime committed with the help of computers, is creating serious problems.

• " Citizens may feel a loss of privacy because of unauthorized use of personal data or receiving unwanted electronic messages.