Файл: Английский Косова.doc

Programming is the process of writing a program using a computer language. A program is a set of instructions which a computer uses to do a specific task (e.g. a solution to a Maths problem).

The only language a PC can directly execute is machine code, which consists of Is and Os. This language is difficult to write, so we use symbolic languages that are easier to understand. For example, assembly languages use abbreviations such as ADD, SUB, MPY to represent instructions. The program is then translated into machine code by software called an assembler.

Machine code and assembly languages are called low-level languages because they are closer to the hardware.

High-level languages, however, are closer to human languages; they use forms resembling English, which makes programming easier. The program is translated into machine code by software called a compiler. Some examples are:

• FORTRAN - used for scientific and mathematical applications

• COBOL - popular for business applications

• BASIC - used as a teaching language; Visual BASIC is now used to create Windows applications

• C - used to write system software, graphics and commercial programs

• Java - designed to run on the Web; Java applets are small programs that run automatically on web pages and let you watch animated characters, and play music and games.

The languages used to create Web documents are called markup languages; they use instructions (markups) to format and link text files. Examples are:

• HTML - the code used to create Web pages

• VoiceXML - it makes Internet content accessible via speech recognition and phone. Instead of using a web browser on a PC, you use a telephone to access voice-equipped websites. Yoi just dial the phone number of the website and then give spoken instructions, commands, am get the required information.

Steps in writing a program

To write a program, software developers usually follow these steps.

• First they try to understand the problem and define the purpose of the program.

• They design a flowchart, a diagram which shows the successive logical steps of the program.

• Next they write the instructions in a high-level language (Pascal, C, etc.I. This is called coding. The program is then compiled.

• When the program is written, they test it: they run the program to see if it works and use special tools to detect bugs, or errors. Any errors are corrected until it runs smoothly. This is called debugging, or bug fixing.

• Finally, software companies write a detailed description of how the program works, called program documentation. They also have a maintenance program. They get reports from users about any errors found in the program. After it has been improved, it is published as an updated version.

** Match the terms from A opposite with their definitions.

**Look at B and then put these programming steps into the correct order.

**Complete this article about the VoiceXML application language with the words from the box.

***Internet: Voice recognition takes off

You don't need a sophisticated cell phone to surf the Internet when you're on the road - just your own voice. That's the idea behind a new breed of voice service that is popping up all over the place.

Subscribers (1) ……………. a toll-free phone number and use spoken (2) …………….. to listen

to anything from weather conditions to stock quotes, or flight information to news stories. Half a dozen of these services - such as Audiopoint, Be Vocal, TellMe and TelSurf Networks - have already gone live or are testing their systems.

These launches are all happening because two crucial technologies have come of age.

(3) ………………………….. software from companies such as Lucent, Nuance and

Speechworks can now understand a wide range of accents and diction without having to be trained to a specific voice. And computer languages such as VoiceXML make it as easy to write voice

services as (4) ……………….. has made it to write web pages. With (5) ………………… , the human voice becomes a substitute for a computer mouse and the spoken command for a click. It doesn't, however, call up conventional web pages, but content which is specially composed for a telephone.- sound clips, numbers, music, spoken texts.

The Power of Programs. Modal Verbs with Passive Infinitive

*Task I. Read and memorize the following words:

to decide - вирішувати

to accomplish - здійснювати, виконувати

to refine - удосконалювати

to turn into - перетворювати

to be in charge - бути відповідальним за

carpentry tools - теслярські інструменти

useless - некорисний

a lot in common – багато спільного

phonograph - фонограф

drawing pad – блокнот для малювання

career – діяльність кар’єра професія

Task I. Guess the meaning of the following words in chain. Give their Ukrainian equivalents.

Word - processing program; education training program; virus - detection program; access program; self-loading program; common program; high-performance program; protection mode program; general-purpose program; database program.

Task II Read and translate word-group given below. Define their parts of speech:

program - programming to improve - improvement

to refine refining to design - designed

to develop — development to instruct — instruction

to create - creating to use - useless

to build - building exact – exactly

**Task ІІІ . Chose the words out of the right column to make up word-combinations.

to have - own instructions

to decide - - much in common

to refine - a program

to use - the task you want to accomplish

to create - a successful career as a programmer

to understand - better how computer software work

to turn - hobbies into job

to develop - instructions in the form of computer software

to direct - the operations of a computer

Task IV. Join similar words given below in pairs:

.

**Task V. Match the terms to their definition:

Computer language a) the process of creating a set of instructions the follow.

Program b) a device with complex network of electronic circuits that can process information, make

decisions and replace people in routine tasks.

Programming c) a set of programs designed to control the operation of a computer.

Software d) set of words, symbols and commands that a computer can understand.

***Task VI. Read and understand the main ideas of the text. Get ready to talk about then

"The power of programs"

Programming a computer - giving it a set of instructions to follow - has a lot in common with building that bookcase. To write a program, you begin by deciding exactly what task you want to accomplish. Then you work on developing and refining program. You don't use carpentry tools, of course. Instead, you use a programming tool: the computer.

Do you want to play a computer game? Use a computer to write a story? Turn your computer into a piano or a drawing pad? You can do all these. But...

For a computer to do something - anything - it must have a set of instructions. Without instructions the computer is as useless as a phonograph without a record. You can buy instructions for the compute in the form of computer software, such as a game or a word-processing program, or you can create your own instructions.

Creating instructions for the computer is calling writing a computer program, or programming. Writing even simple programs can help you to understand better how a computer and computer software work.

Programming can also be a very exciting hobby. Many students go on to create complicated programs as a hobby. Some students even turn their hobbies into jobs.

Whether or not you go on to develop a hobby or a career as a programmer, you should enjoy being in charge of the computer as you learn about programming.

**Task VII. Complete the following ideas:

1. Programming a computer is...

2. To write a program you should decide...

3. Then you work on...

4. Without instructions...

5. You can create...

6. Creating instructions for the computer.

7. Writing even simple programs...

8. Programming can also be...

9. Some students even turn...

10. You may develop you career...

***Task VII. Make up a list of instructions for right programming. Use the following words: first, next, then, at last.

**Task VIII. Answer the questions:

1. What is programming?

2. Is it possible to-direct the operations of a computer without instructions?

3. How do you understand "writing a computer program"?

4. What makes you understand how a computer and computer software work?

5. Is programming an exciting hobby for you?

6. Can your hobby develop your skills?

Task IX. Modal verbs and Passive Infinitive:

1. Programming must be done carefully.

2. Instructions can be created in your own way.

3. The work should be done in time.

4. The programs mustn't be changed.

5. They should be only refined.

6. Your hobbies may be turned into a successful career as programmers.

7. This calculation must be carried out tomorrow.

8. This disk can’t be loaded.

Lessons 4-5. Software. Application Software

*Task I Learn the new vocabulary

software - программе забезпечення

hardware - стаціонарне обладнання, апаратне забезпечення ( сленг – “ залізо”)

to accomplish - здійснювати, виконувати

package software – програмний продукт

to be intended - призначатися

to run - запускати

a dedicated computer - спеціальний комп’ютер

particular job - певна робота

challenge – виклик, завдання

gear - механізм, пристрій, обладнання

application software - прикладне програмування

to match - підходити

versatile – універсальний, різноманітний

Task II Translate the following word-combination into Ukrainian. Mention the use of Participle II:

won’t be able to accomplish, programmed instructions, visible form, are intended for educational use, ready to run, a dedicated computer, designed for a particular job, may have a great software, word processing software, outside software, to provide challenges, software geared to their own unique needs, a written program of their own.