Файл: Английский Косова.doc

6. Is it a structured language? a high-level language?

Task VIII. Give the English equivalents to the following:

Виконувати різні інструкції, перекладати на електроімпульси, знайома інформація, спеціальне значення, різні комп’ютерні мови, вбудований в комп’ютер, як людина –перекладач, друкувати на клавіатурі, обмежений словник, завантажувати з диска, набір інструкцій та наказів.

**Task IX. Answer the questions on the text:

1).What is a computer language?

2). Do computer languages use mostly English words? What are the most common among them?

3). Are computer languages spoken to the computer?

4). In what way does the computer translate what you typed on the keyboard?

5). What does it need to do it?

6). What are the most common used computer languages?

7). Why are they so different?

• різні види завдань

Task X. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

1. Similar meaning: study, symbols, familiar, learn, words, known, special, act, particular, carry out, tell, interpreter, speak, translator, rules, use, instructions, apply, listen, hear.

2. Opposite meaning: understand, simple, load, different, output, similar, complex, instead, build, the same, destroy, well, inside, badly, outside, difficult, primitive, misunderstand

*Task XI. Tell if these sentences correspond the text:

1. Istructing a computer is done with a computer language.

2. A computer language is a set of words, symbols and commands that are shown on the screen.

3. A computer can understand words and rules of grammar called syntax rules.

4. We don’t speak to the computer, we type the computer language on the keyboard.

5. The language processor acts like a human interpreter.

Level II. Rearrange the word order in the sentences:

1. can, The computer, and, understand, out, carry, instructions, your.

2. processor, is, A language, built, either, loaded, into, itself, the computer, or , into, from a disk, the computer.

3. different, There, many, are, languages, computer.

4. languages, Different, for, well, work, different, of tasks, kinds

Task XII. The use of modal verbs.

Can – could to be able to (was, were able)

May – might to be allowed, to be permitted

Must - have to ( had to), to be

Should

Ought(to) to be obliged

Task XIII . Translate the following sentences paying attention to the modal verbs.

1. A programmer must know computer equipment perfectly well.

2. Scientists engineers and other experts could calculate the orbits of sputniks with the help of electronic computers.

3. We can and must explore the Moon and other planets with the help of computer equipment.

4. A digital computer can calculate thousands of mathematical operations in one second.

5. The computer language can be spoken to the computer only in some experimental systems.

6. You may use BASIC to solve some mathematical tasks.

7. You might know how to solve the problem of supplying energy.

8. Everyone must know his duty.

Task XIV Read and complete the meaning of Modal Verbs and their equivalents.

1. 1. I can improve this device – I am able to improve this device now.

2. I could study this engine – I was able to study this engine by.

3. We will be able to create some computer programs.

4. He must study English – He has to study English.

5. He had to study radio electronics two years ago.

6. The students will have to study technical English next year.

b) 7. Engineers must create new technologies.

8. The students have to use a lot of computer languages.

9. Man has to create new sources of energy.

10. You will have to master English to be well in computer sciences.

11. You should study this set of rules and commands.

12. This calculation is to be done in some seconds.

13. The computer systems are to guide space exploration.

14. They were to process the information in a very short period.

15. You should use many computer languages to carry out different tasks .

Modal verbs and their equivalents.

Модальні слова ought to, should вживаються для: 1) виразу морального обов'язку

You should be more careful in accounting. Вам слід бути більш обережним у розрахунках. 2) в поєднанні з перфектним інфінітивом виражає докір. You should have helped your friend to deliver goods in time. Вам слід було допомогти вашому другу доставити товари вчасно. You ought to give the discount. Вам слід було дати знижку.

Task 1.

Insert "to " wherever necessary:

1. You can ... get all necessary information about our products on the ground floor. 2. We are ... sign the contract next week. 3. They must ... deliver goods on time. 4. You should be ... present on the business conference. 5. She had ... come to her office early yesterday. 6. She could ... speak English well in her childhood. 7. You needn't ... be worry, everything will be all right. 8. You may no! ... find new business partners among the members of the delegation.

Task 2.

Choose the correct modal verbs from the box.

Task 3.

Translate the following sentences paying attention to the modal verbs and their equivalents:

1. What bank can offer me a banker's credit card? 2. Could you speak English two years ago? 3.1 hope you will be able to open the current account in our bank in a week. 4, You should take a taxi if you don't want to be late for the business talks. 5. As he got a little profit, he had to stop his business activity. 6. We were to meet at the Midland bank at 7 p.m. 7. They are to finish business talks today, becausethey may not have any time tomorrow. 8. Every businessman must know at least one foreign language.

*Task I Learn the new vocabulary

To creat – створювати structured - структурований

To compile – компілювати, укладати routine – режим, підпрограма

To combine – сполучати (ся) compiler - компілятор

To shape – надавати форми requirement - вимога

To indent – вирізати, реквізувати loop – цикл у програмуванні

Statement – формулювання complete – завершений, досконалий

Variable – змінна величина series – ряд, серія

Feature – характерна особливість rectangle – прямокутник

Turtle – курсор у вигляді черепашки mode – режим

Task II Read the following words, translate them.

Language, structure, module, easy, turtle, graphics, draw, screen, move, cursor, certain, feature, requirement, compiler, disadvantage, complete, rectangle, loop, routine, series, familiar, degree, line, trace.

Task III Read the following word-combinations and translate them into Ukrainian:

1.rather hard to do; 7. to create a whole series of routines;

2. to write programs with a top-down structure; 8. to draw different shapes, parts of pictures;

3. to trace or draw a line; 9. to call routines in correct order

4. certain number of degrees: 10. to compute complex math functions

5. to move left, right, up, down; 11.to plan the program carefully

6. to carry out a set of commands 12.to define all variables

Task IV Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the Participle. Translate the underlined words.

1. Logo is a structured language that is available for many microcomputers.

2. Basic is an all-purpose language meaning that you can do almost in Basic.

3. Your whole program can consist of series of statements defining routines and then a few statements calling this routines in the correct order.

4. Logo doesn’t do “turtle graphics”, it is a complete language.

5. Pascal has some features that make structured programming easier.

6. Pascal also has certain requirements that make you plan your program carefully.

7. One disadvantage of Pascal is that it is often a compiled language.

**Task V Read and translate the text.

Structured languages

You've already learned something about the BASIC language. You will prob­ably go on someday to learn other programming languages as well. Different languages are designed for different purposes. BASIC is an all-purpose language, meaning that you can do almost anything in BASIC. But some things will be rather hard to do in BASIC. For example, although you have seen how to write programs with a top-down structure in BASIC, other languages make it easier to write such structured—or modular— programs.

Logo is a structured language that is often taught in schools and is avail­able for many microcomputers. You may be familiar with Logo because many schools use it to do "turtle graphics. "A turtle is a cursor on the screen. It's called a turtle because it is often shaped like one. You can tell the turtle to move left, right, up, down, or turn a certain number of degrees. You can see the turtle move on the screen. The turtle can also draw on the screen. If you tell it to put its pen down, it traces a line as it moves, or it can pick up the pen and not draw a line. (There are also mechanical turtles that move on the floor.)

Logo is a language that can help you to write structured programs. For example, in Logo you can tell the turtle to carry out a set of commands that draws a rectangle on the screen. Then you can call that set of commands "box." Each time you tell the turtle to "DO BOX," it will draw the rectangle. "Box" has become a module of a program. You can create a whole series of routines that draw different shapes or parts of pictures. Then you can combine them all in one statement and call the whole thing "house." Then you can make "house" part of another routine, and so on. Your whole program can consist of a series of statements defining different routines and then a few statements calling these routines in the correct order.

Logo doesn't just do turtle graphics, it is a complete language. But whether you use the language to draw a house or compute complex mathematical functions, the modular structure of the language is the same.

Pascal is also a structured language. Pascal has some features that make structured programming easier. For example, it allows you to indent the statements in a loop so that you can see the beginning and the end of each loop. Pascal also has certain requirements that make you plan your program carefully. For example, it requires you to define all your variables before you begin.

One disadvantage of Pascal is that it is often a compiled language. A compiled language is one that must be translated by a compiler into code that the computer can understand before the program can be run.

**Task VI. Answer the following questions on the text:

1. What language do you use to write a modular program?

2. What computer language is often taught at schools?

3. What is “a turtle” ? What can you tell the turtle to do?

4. How can Logo help you to write structured programs?

5. What kind of language is Logo?

6. In what way does Pascal make structured programming easier?

7. What is one of disadvantages of Pascal?

***Task VII. Look through the text and make your own definitions of the terms:

1. a compiled language

2. a complete language

3. a structured language

**Task VIII. Rewrite the following sentences, use the equivalents instead of modal verbs:

1). This language can make structured programming easier.

2). You must write a modular program.

3). He ought to follow the order.

4). You may use my computer for some time.

5). People couldn’t perform such calculations so quickly ten years ago.

6). You must save this data externally.

7). I can carry out different operations with the help LOGO.

8). He had to use modular structure, as the program was complex.

Programming

**Programming languages